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WASHINGTON, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- NASA announced Friday the creation of a new directorate that will focus on both the International Space Station operations and human exploration beyond low earth orbit.The Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate combines the Space Operations and Exploration Systems mission directorates. While the transition and personnel assignments will take several weeks to finalize, the directorate already is supporting space station operations. It also will manage commercial crew and cargo developmental programs; construction of the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle, a spacecraft designed to travel beyond low Earth orbit; development of a new heavy lift rocket, known as the Space Launch System; and other programs within the directorates."America is opening a bold new chapter in human space exploration," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "By combining the resources of Space Operations and Exploration Systems, and creating the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, we are recommitting ourselves to American leadership in space for years to come."Associate Administrator Bill Gerstenmaier will head the new organization. He previously served as the associate administrator for Space Operations.

HONG KONG, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) announced Friday that its surveying experts had successfully developed methodologies for precise mapping of the Moon, after intensive analysis of the data captured by the Chinese lunar orbiter ChangE-1 and other lunar exploration missions.According to the PolyU, the team has made significant contributions to lunar mapping. Their efforts culminated in the development of a unique and innovative approach to the creation of accurate 3D models of the lunar surface.The team has produced the most updated parameters of the lunar figure (the shape of the moon), which is essential for lunar mapping using 17.5 million laser altimetry measurements from the ChangE-1and the Japanese SELENE missions.In addition, they also used the new topographic and gravity models to calculate improved crustal thickness and mass distribution of the Moon and established that the average thickness of the Moon's crust is about 40 km on the near side and 50 km on the far side.It was introduced that the resulting lunar mapping was the hard work of a dedicated research team led by Professor Chen Yong-qi, Emeritus Professor of the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, who is also serving on the Expert Committee of China's Lunar Exploration Programme (ECCLEP), with the concerted efforts of team members Prof. Chen Wu, Prof. Ding Xiao-li, Prof. Baki Iz, Dr. Bruce King, and Dr. Wu Bo.According to Chen Yong-qi, the lunar mapping project started in 2006. The primary objective was to develop the methodologies and techniques for mapping the Moon surface, which is much more challenging than mapping the Earth's surface because of very few surveyed control points which are essential for accurate map making.Statistics showed that there were only fourteen lunar laser ranging retro reflectors (LRRR) and Apollo lunar surface experiment package (ALSEP) transmitter sites with accurately known coordinates available only on the near side of the Moon, installed by the U.S. Apollo and former Soviet Union Luna missions in the 1960s.Moreover, according to the team, the gravitational field of the Moon is not as well-known as that of Earth, which means the accuracy of the computed lunar satellite's position at any given time is lower than for Earth satellites, thus degrading the mapping accuracy and reliability.In addition, the team expressed that highly reflective lunar surface created significant problems for the automatic processing of images to develop 3D models using the technique of photogramemtry, which is a widely used and highly reliable technique for the creation of maps and 3D models on Earth.Furthermore, the team also revealed they had a plan to compare such data with other data sources in order to evaluate the performance of the ChangE mapping sensors. Since Chen Yong-qi is serving on the ECCLEP, the team has direct access to more recent data captured by the ChangE satellite.

TAIPEI, Sept. 11 (Xinhua) - As the full moon emerged in the remote sky, families and friends, bringing their barbecue grills, meat, seafood and vegetables, gathered under the Dazhi Bridge nearby Jilong River, one of major barbecue sites for the Mid-Autumn Festival in Taipei.Many families came to the barbecue site as early as at 3 p.m. Sunday for preparation. A Taipei citizen surnamed Wu in his sixties brought all his 30 family members to the barbecue."Every year, our family come out for barbecue only at the occasion of Mid-Autumn Festival, because the festival is for family reunion," he said.He also brought some fireworks to celebrate the traditional Chinese festival.Together with Wu's family, hundreds of people gathered under the bridge for barbecue, an unique scene in Taiwan for the Mid-Autumn festival.Mooncakes are a traditional delicacy for the Mid-Autumn Festival, which falls on the fifteenth day of the eighth month on the lunar calendar, or Sept. 12 this year. The round mooncakes resemble the full moon, a symbol of family reunion in traditional Chinese culture as well as the major theme of the Mid-Autumn Festival.According to some local residents, in the 1980s several barbecue sauce companies competing for the market frequently organized fairs to promote barbecue-related products just before the Mid-Autumn festivals.Through the intensive promotion campaigns, barbecue eventually became a Mid-Autumn festival custom as important as eating mooncake in Taiwan.But mooncake and pineapple cake are still popular gifts for the traditional festival in Taiwan. Weeks ahead of the festival, the advertisements for different brands of mooncake and pineapple cake were carried on local newspapers.Between Ren'ai Road and Xinyi Road in downtown Taipei, there is a weekend flower market becoming one of the options for Taipei citizens to while off the Mid-Autumn Festival holiday.The flower market with 29-year history is in fact a parking lot during weekdays. But during the weekend, the 1.5-hectare area becomes one of the biggest flower markets in Taipei, with about 300 booths selling flowers and plants.A flower seller, surnamed Yang, said the number of buyers increased significantly on Saturday and Sunday, the first two days of the three-day Mid-Autumn Festival holiday and the sales rose by nearly 30 percent.The flower market also held an agricultural product fair on Sept. 10-12, on which tea, fruits and other agricultural products are sold.

TOKYO, Sept. 23 (Xinhua) -- Japan's H-2A rocket carrying a new information gathering satellite was launched at the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture on Friday, local media reported.Japan has already introduced three information-gathering satellites in the wake of a missile launch by Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and the latest one will replace the No. 2 satellite which has passed its use-by date, Kydo News said.Japan's H-2A rocket lifts off from the launchiung pad at the Tanegashima space centre in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan's southern island of Kyushu on September 23, 2011. Japan launched a new spy satellite into orbit September 23, officials saidThe development cost of the fourth satellite has reached 35.9 billion yen and its launch expenses have come to 10.4 billion yen, according to the government.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. were forced to put off the launch three times during the past four weeks due to the approach of a powerful typhoon and discovery of a system glitch. The rocket was initially scheduled to be sent into orbit on Aug. 28.

WASHINGTON, July 13 (Xinhua) -- Human neural stem cells are capable of helping people regain learning and memory abilities lost due to radiation treatment for brain tumors, a University of California, Irvine (UCI) study suggests.Research with rats found that stem cells transplanted two days after cranial irradiation restored cognitive function, as measured in one- and four-month assessments. In contrast, irradiated rats not treated with stem cells showed no cognitive improvement."Our findings provide solid evidence that such cells can be used to reverse radiation-induced damage of healthy tissue in the brain," said Charles Limoli, a UCI radiation oncology professor.Study results will appear Friday in Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.Radiotherapy for brain tumors is limited by how well the surrounding tissue tolerates it. Patients receiving radiation at effective levels suffer varying degrees of learning and memory loss that can adversely affect their quality of life."In almost every instance, people experience severe cognitive impairment that's progressive and debilitating," Limoli said. " Pediatric cancer patients can experience a drop of up to three IQ points per year."For the UCI study, multipotent human neural stem cells were transplanted into the brains of rats that had undergone radiation treatment. They migrated throughout the hippocampus -- a region known for the growth of new neurons -- and developed into brain cells.Researchers assessed the rats one month and four months after transplantation, noting enhanced learning and memory abilities at both intervals.Additionally, they found that transplanting as few as 100,000 human neural stem cells was sufficient to improve cognition after cranial irradiation. Of cells surviving the process, about 15 percent turned into new neurons, while another 45 percent became astrocytes and oligodendrocytes -- cells that support cerebral neurons.Most notably, Limoli said, he and his colleagues discovered that about 11 percent of the engrafted cells expressed a behaviorally induced marker of learning, indicating the functional integration of those cells into memory circuits in the hippocampus."This research suggests that stem cell therapies may one day be implemented in the clinic to provide relief to patients suffering from cognitive impairments incurred as a result of their cancer treatments," Limoli said.