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WASHINGTON, July 18 (Xinhua) -- Exposure to secondhand smoke ( SHS) is associated with increased risk of hearing loss among adolescents, according to a report in the July issue of Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery.Among U.S. children, approximately 60 percent are exposed to SHS, according to background information in the article. Studies have associated exposure to secondhand smoke prenatally or during childhood with various health conditions, from low birth weight and respiratory infections to behavioral problems and otitis media. Children exposed to SHS are more likely to develop recurrent otitis media, the authors note. "Secondhand smoke may also have the potential to have an impact on auditory development, leading to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)," they add.Anil Lalwani and colleagues from New York University Langone Medical Center examined the risk factors for SNHL, including SHS, among adolescents, stratified by demographic groups. They included 1,533 individuals from 12 years to 19 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2006.Participants were interviewed about their health status and family medical history, exposure to SHS, and self-recognition of hearing impairment. In addition, they underwent a physical examination, including blood testing for cotinine (a by-product of nicotine exposure), and hearing tests.Compared with teens who had no SHS exposure, those who were exposed to secondhand smoke exhibited higher rates of low- and high-frequency hearing loss. The rate of hearing loss appeared to be cumulative, increasing with the level of cotinine detected by blood tests. The results also demonstrated that more than 80 percent of participants with hearing loss did not realize they had impairment.As hearing loss early in life can cause problems with development and functioning, the authors suggest that these results have "significant implications for public health in the United States."They note that most adolescents do not receive screening for hearing loss in the absence of risk factors.If further studies replicate these results, they state, SHS could be considered one such risk factor.

BEIJING, June 29 (Xinhuanet) -- Twitter Inc. co-founders Biz Stone and Evan Williams said they are moving on from the microblogging service, media reports said Wednesday.“The Twitter crew and its leadership team have grown incredibly productive,” Stone said on the blog. “I’ve decided that the most effective use of my time is to get out of the way until I’m called upon to be of some specific use.”The two will continue to advise Twitter on strategic matters, but devote the lions' share of their time to The Obvious Corporation, Stone said.Obvious was first created by Williams to buy back a company from investors that he and Stone failed to sell about six years ago, Stone said. The two began working together after leaving Google in 2005.The company will also be run by Jason Goldman, a former Twitter executive, Stone said.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Sept. 26 (Xinhua) -- Rio de Janeiro has the highest level of air pollution in Brazil, and is more polluted than many other world metropolis like New York, London and Paris, a World Health Organization (WHO) study said Monday.According to the study, which was carried out in 91 countries and regions, the air in Rio's metropolitan area contains 64 micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter, over three times the upper limit set by the WHO, which is 20 micrograms per cubic meter.Despite being larger, having a bigger population and more vehicles, Sao Paulo's metropolitan area has less air pollution, with 38 micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter.According to the WHO, "the largest contributors to urban outdoor air pollution include motor transport, small-scale manufacturers and other industries, burning of biomass and coal for cooking and heating, as well as coal-fired power plants." The organization said that residential wood and coal burning for heating also help increase air pollution, especially in rural areas in the cold months.The WHO expressed concern over air pollution levels in several cities, as some two million people worldwide die annually from conditions resulting from air pollution."Air pollution is a major environmental health issue, and it is vital that we increase efforts to reduce the health burden it creates," said Dr. Maria Neira, WHO's director for Public Health and Environment.According to the study, Ahwaz, Iran, has the most polluted air in the world, with 372 micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter.

WASHINGTON, July 27 (Xinhua) -- The solar-powered, Jupiter- bound Juno spacecraft was secured into place on top of its rocket Wednesday in preparation for launch next month, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced.The launch period for Juno opens Aug. 5 and extends through Aug. 26. For an Aug. 5 liftoff, the launch window opens at 11:34 a.m. EDT (1534 GMT) and remains open through 12:43 EDT (1643 GMT).Juno will arrive at Jupiter in July 2016 and orbit its poles 33 times to learn more about the gas giant's interior, atmosphere and aurora."We're about to start our journey to Jupiter to unlock the secrets of the early solar system," said Scott Bolton, the mission 's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. "After eight years of development, the spacecraft is ready for its important mission."

BEIJING, Aug. 1 (Xinhua) -- The after-tax CIF (cost, insurance and freight) price of China's jet fuel imports has been set at 7,768 yuan (1,206 U.S. dollars) per metric ton for August, China's economic planner said on Monday.The price adjustment marked the first time for the economic planner to adjust jet fuel prices on a monthly basis after it announced jet fuel pricing reforms in July, according to a notice posted on the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)'s website.The NDRC announced on July 7 that it would introduce a market-oriented jet fuel pricing mechanism starting from Aug. 1.Under the new mechanism, the ex-plant price of jet fuel is required to be no higher than the after-tax CIF price of jet fuel imports from Singapore, Asia's largest oil trading and storage center.Taking transportation expenses, trade volumes and international crude oil prices into account, the jet fuel premium is negotiable between jet fuel sellers and buyers and will be reviewed once a year, while jet fuel ex-plant prices will be adjusted on the first day of every month, according to the NDRC.

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