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BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

GENEVA, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- 18 people seeking treatment at hospitals in Somalia had been confirmed cholera positive through laboratory tests, the Geneva based World Health Organization (WHO) said on Friday.The 18 positive cases were detected out of 30 stool samples collected from patients seeking treatment at hospitals for acute watery diarrhea, a symptom that could result from cholera, WHO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic told reporters.All confirmed cases, including residents of Mogadishu district and those among internally displaced persons (IDPs), were said to be tested positive for the Vibrio cholera serotype "inaba", which had been the predominant serotype in Somalia for the past three years."These results are an alarming reminder of the critical situation in Mogadishu and other parts of Southern, Central Somalia, (which are) still experiencing drought, population displacement and conflict," Jasarevic said.WHO has reported a dramatic increase of acute watery diarrhea cases in Somalia.In June and July alone, 1,633 acute watery diarrhea cases had been registered in Banadir Hospital, Mogadishu, representing 38 percent of all reported cases in 2011, and a sharp rise comparing with the same period last year.The United Nations public health arm said the situation was related to poor sanitation and limited access to safe water in numerous informal IDP settlements and a limited capacity of existing health partners to access those settlements and provide essential health services.In addition, the high number of malnourished children due to the ongoing famine increased the susceptibility to waterborne diseases.

BEIJING, June 20 (Xinhuanet) -- More Chinese cities have seen month-on-month declines in the prices of both new and secondhand homes, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Saturday.The NBS said in a statement on its website that month-on-month price growth for new commercial homes was reported in 50 out of the NBS's statistical pool of 70 major cities. That compared to 56 cities reporting month-on-month growth in April.New home prices declined from a month ago in nine cities and stood unchanged in 11 cities, while 27 cities posted smaller monthly price gains, said the NBS.As for resold housing units, 23 cities reported second-hand home price declines month-on-month in May, up from 16 in April. Secondhand home prices stayed unchanged in 11 major cities in May from April, according to the NBS.On a year-on-year basis, the prices of new commercial homes declined in three cities, including Hangzhou and Sanya, both of which were hot spots for real estate speculation in the past. Meanwhile, 36 cities saw lower year-on-year growth, up from 29 in April, said the NBS.Secondhand home prices dropped in four cities from one year ago, while 29 cities reported declines in year-on-year price growth from April.The NBS stopped releasing overall housing prices for 70 major cities in January, citing the fact that overall price figures for the cities failed to reflect regional differences. The NBS is also using a new surveying method to determine price changes.The government has adopted various measures to cool the property market and curb rising prices, including restricting residents in major cities from buying second or third homes, requiring higher down payments for mortgages and instituting new property taxes in the cities of Chongqing and Shanghai.But there has not been a significant drop in home prices. The latest central bank survey of urban bank depositors found that more than one-third of respondents anticipated home prices would remain stable in the second half of the year.The survey, which is carried out quarterly among 20,000 urban bank depositors in 50 major cities, said 25.9 percent of respondents believed prices would continue to rise, while only 18.9 percent expected a decline.Meanwhile, the survey showed that 74.3 percent of residents said housing prices in the second quarter were "too high to afford", almost the same as during the first quarter.Experts and market observers said the Chinese property market is stagnant with home transactions remaining grim and no clear trend in prices.Yang Hongxu, an analyst with the Shanghai-based E-house China Research and Development Institute, said the May figure has continued April's downward trend in prices, but the cooling of the market will happen gradually.The NBS announced on Tuesday that property developers sold 329.32 million square meters of commercial houses nationwide in the first five months of this year, an increase of only 9.1 percent year-on-year.The NBS said that investment in the nation's property sector has maintained strong growth by rising 34.6 percent year-on-year to reach 1.87 trillion yuan (8.6 billion) in the January-May period, which might have been a result of affordable housing investment.Figures from the NBS also reflected that property developers are getting less funding from banks, as the government continued to raise borrowing costs for developers and tighten liquidity in the market.Developers obtained 580.3 billion yuan from domestic loans in the first five months, up 4.6 percent year-on-year. Meanwhile, they used 26.6 billion yuan of foreign investment in the sector, posting a year-on-year rise of 57.3 percent.

SAN FRANCISCO, July 15 (Xinhua) -- U.S. microblogging platform Twitter on Friday marked its fifth anniversary since public debut."Twitter, then called Twttr, opened to the public five years ago today," the company said in a Tweet, a short message within 140 characters users are allowed to communicate on the website."Twttr is a new mobile service that helps groups of friends bounce random thoughts around with SMS," co-founder Biz Stone described the service in a blog post on July 13, 2006, two days before its public debut."There were 224 Tweets sent on July 15, 2006. Today, users send that many Tweets in less than a tenth of a second," said the San Francisco-based company.Twitter said more than 600,000 new users signed up on Thursday while it took it more than 16 months to reach the first 600,000 Twitter accounts.The tipping point for the service's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest festival, a set of film, interactive and music festivals and conferences that take place every March in Austin, Texas. During the event, the Tweets sent per day grew from 20,000 to 60,000.With an estimated user base of 200 million worldwide, some 200 million Tweets are generated and 1.6 billion search queries are handled every day, the company said.According to research firm EMarketer, advertising sales on Twitter is expected to reach 150 million U.S. dollars this year. SharesPost, a secondary market for privately held companies, has assessed Twitter's current worth at 6.8 billion dollars.

WASHINGTON, July 10 (Xinhua) -- U.S. space shuttle Atlantis docked with the International Space Station on Sunday morning after nearly two days of flight.Commander Christopher Ferguson guided space shuttle Atlantis to a docking with the station at 11:07 a.m. EDT (1507 GMT) when the two spacecrafts were flying 240 miles up over east of New Zealand, according to NASA.This was the 12th and final time Atlantis docked to the space station. It was the 46th shuttle docking to a space station, nine to the Russian Mir station and 37 to the International Space Station.The space shuttle Atlantis is seen with part of the structure of the International Space Station in the foreground and the earth in the background as it approaches the station for docking in this still image from NASA TV July 10, 2011. The shuttle and station crews will open hatches and hold the traditional welcome ceremony at about 1:19 p.m. EDT (1719 GMT). The combined crew of 10 will begin more than a week of docked operations, transferring vital supplies and equipment to sustain station operations once the shuttles are retired.Atlantis lifted off on Friday morning from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on the 135th and final flight in NASA's shuttle program.It is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program.