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JERUSALEM, Oct. 24 (Xinhua) -- A recent study carried out by Israeli researchers showed that the experience of motherhood is caused by alterations in the brain functions that help mothers locate and communicate with their offspring, especially if they are in distress.Researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem said the results provide insight into how neural changes in response to odors and sounds help maternal behaviors develop in mothers."We know that distinct brain changes are linked with motherhood, " Dr. Adi Mizrahi, who conducted the research, said, "but the impact of these changes on sensory processing and the emergence of maternal behaviors are largely unknown."Mizrahi and his colleagues examined whether the primary auditory cortex -- a region in the brain that is involved in the recognition of sounds -- might serve to process the responses to their offspring's specific smell and voice.The research proved that the olfactory and auditory senses of female mice with their pups were triggered immediately after they gave birth, with especially strong responses to cries of distress."These processes help to explain how changes in the cortex in the brain facilitate efficient detection of pups," Mizrahi said.

BEIJING,Nov. 9 (Xinhuanet) – Yinghuo-1, China's first interplanetary spacecraft, is set to hitch a ride with Russia's Phobos-Grunt Mars mission in the early hours on Wednesday, after a two-year delay.A Zenit-2SB rocket will carry Yinghuo-1 and Phobos-Grunt into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site in Kazakhstan.It is China and Russia's first joint Mars operation and also marks China's first voyage to the Red Planet, China Great Wall Industry Corp said in a news release on Tuesday.Yinghuo-1 will work in orbit with Phobos-Grunt for more than 12 months in collecting data on the Martian atmosphere.Both spacecraft will travel for more than 10 months before entering Martian orbit. During the trip, Yinghuo-1's power supply, communications and temperature gauge will be controlled from the Russian craft, scientists said.Both craft will orbit the planet three times before decoupling. The 106-kg Yinghuo-1 will circle Mars in an elliptical orbit, while Phobos-Grunt will actually land on Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, and bring back soil samples to Earth."The collaboration with Russia will enhance China's ability in deep space exploration, improve spacecraft design and development, and promote planetary exploration," said an unnamed official with the corp, a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science & Technology Corp. Russia's Lavochkin Research and Production Association signed a cooperation contract, based on an agreement between the Chinese and Russian governments, with China Great Wall Industry Corp in 2007.Yinghuo-1, with a two-year lifespan, also has its own scientific goals.These include analyzing the planet's magnetic environment and ionosphere (upper atmosphere), taking images of topographical features and studying gravity fields on the Martian equator.Pang Zhihao, deputy editor-in-chief of the monthly publication, Space International, said China's focus on the planet's upper atmosphere is significant.Twenty detectors have explored parts of Mars, but most of them have looked for traces of life or water or places suitable for setting up colonies, he said.But studying the upper atmosphere is also vital if humans are to live on the planet, he said.The mission was set for October 2009, but later postponed to this year to enhance the reliability of the project.Only the United States, the former Soviet Union and the European Union have succeeded in landing probes on Mars. Five are in operation, four belong to the US and one belongs to the EU.At least 21 probes sent to the planet have failed. The Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology under the CASC, which designed Yinghuo-1 in 23 months, said that the satellite posed a major technological challenge as the furthest space destination for China before had been the moon. The moon's average distance from Earth is about 384,000 km. The distance between Mars and Earth, depending on orbits, ranges from approximately 55 million km to about 350 million km.Yinghuo-1 will have to endure periods in the freezing dark side of the planet.It underwent simulated tests that matched the Martian temperature, - 260 C.Because of the distances involved, the satellite cannot rely on ground control to adjust position. It will rely on its own onboard computer, scientists said.

COPENHAGEN, Nov.23 (Xinhua) -- Denmark's new tax on fatty foods is having little impact on consumer habits, an opinion poll showed Wednesday.Only seven percent of those polled said they had changed their shopping habits since the tax was imposed Oct.1, said FDB Analyse, which conducted the poll for Danish news agency Ritzau.The world's first fat tax affects products containing more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, meaning a kilo of saturated fat costs 16 Danish kroner (2.87 U.S. dollars).As a result, butter, cream, cheese, meat, cooking oil and processed foods like pizza and biscuits are among thousands of products that have become dearer in recent weeks.However, two out of three respondents to the poll said price rises are too low to make them alter their dietary habits, an opinion shared by some in the food retail sector."Price rises per product vary from a few oere to 2 kroner (0.36 U.S. dollar)," said Mogens Werge, Director of Consumer Policy at Coop, a supermarket chain which accounts for 40 percent trade in basic daily goods in Denmark."No Danes will change their dietary habits just because the cost of a packet of cookies rises by 35 oere," he told DR News, Denmark's public broadcaster.The Danish Agriculture and Food Council, an industry association, says the fat tax costs a Danish family with two children an additional 1,000 kroner (180 dollars), per year.Reacting to the poll, the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which leads Denmark's coalition center-left government, said the fat tax must be given more time to take effect."There are several parameters to measure the tax, one of which is purely economic, where you have to consider a longer time period," SDP consumer affairs spokesperson Mette Reissmann, told DR News."Also, I never thought we would suddenly become a nation that rejects fatty foods. It takes a long time to change consumer behavior," she added.The government's Commission on Prevention, tasked with finding ways to improve the nation's health, also said it is too early to evaluate the fat tax's impact. It believes the tax discourages purchase of unhealthy foods, and will help raise average Danish life expectancy by one week.For their part, two-thirds of poll respondents suggested the government would do better by removing value added tax (VAT) on healthy foods like fresh fruit and vegetables, and instead raise it on food products containing fat and sugar.Denmark already imposes 25 percent VAT on most consumer goods and food products.

BEIJING, Dec. 11 (Xinhua) -- A draft regulation on school bus safety management was made public Sunday by the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council, with the public invited to submit comments on it.The draft stipulates that local governments above the county level should take "overall responsibility" in school bus safety, and authorities of education, public security, transportation and product quality supervision should also properly perform their respective duties.The government will establish and improve a system of mandatory technical standards for the quality of vehicles used as school buses, the draft stated. Primary school students queue up to get on the school bus to go home after school in Deqing County, east China's Zhejiang Province, Nov. 21, 2011. Local government of Deqing County has invested 20 million yuan (3.14 million U.S. dollars) to order 79 school buses, which are specially designed for children with smaller seats and seat belts as well as bright yellow color to have better warning function. Among the 79 buses, 14 ones have truck-style front ends, and this appearance like a long nose can effectively reduce the impact force and better protect children's safety. Drivers of such kind of school buses are required not to exceed 60 kilometers per hour. Nearly 6,000 children from 25 primary schools have benefited from the operation of this kind of school bus in Deqing County.China issued a set of technical standards for school buses for primary school students last year, and the drafting of another standard for buses for the kindergartners is also underway.According to the draft, the government will adopt a license system for school bus operation.Vehicles that are up to school bus standards and with a unified appearance will be first in line to obtain approval from education authorities, and the draft also requires buses to register at the traffic administrative agencies before they can be used as school buses.Instead of compulsory annual safety checks, the draft would require school bus owners to renew their safety qualifications every six months.Drivers should also check the safety condition of the buses before each commute, the draft said.The draft asks schools and the school bus service providers to intensify safety management and maintenance and assign special staff on buses to look after students on board.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

来源：资阳报