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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

WELLINGTON, Oct. 26 (Xinhua) -- New Zealand's geothermal scientists will be collaborating with the world's leading geothermal researchers after the country joins an elite international group next month.New Zealand would be admitted to the International Partnership for Geothermal Technology (IPGT) in Melbourne, Australia, on Nov. 16, Science and Innovation Minister Wayne Mapp announced Wednesday."Geothermal energy is one of our most important renewable energy resources with huge potential for growth," said Mapp."This recognition of our geothermal research programs will allow our scientists to collaborate with an elite group of researchers in the United States, Australia, Switzerland and Iceland."Scientists from New Zealand research organizations were committed to finding new ways to harness the country's extensive geothermal fields, said Mapp."Innovation and clean energy is a big part of enabling New Zealand to grow the economy," said Mapp."This new international partnership will help keep us at the forefront of technology developments such as enhanced geothermal systems."Established in 2008, the IPGT seeks to develop advanced, cost- effective geothermal energy technologies through international research co-operation.New Zealand's geothermal electricity generation rose by 21 percent last year and accounted for 13 percent of total electricity generation, its highest recorded level.The government is aiming to expand geothermal energy with three large geothermal projects in the pipeline by 2020.The country's biggest geothermal project is to be Contact Energy's 250-megawatt Tauhara II geothermal project.The project, being developed northeast of the central North Island town of Taupo, is expected to produce enough electricity to meet the needs of around 270,000 homes when it becomes fully operational in 2015.

WELLINGTON, Oct. 26 (Xinhua) -- New Zealand's geothermal scientists will be collaborating with the world's leading geothermal researchers after the country joins an elite international group next month.New Zealand would be admitted to the International Partnership for Geothermal Technology (IPGT) in Melbourne, Australia, on Nov. 16, Science and Innovation Minister Wayne Mapp announced Wednesday."Geothermal energy is one of our most important renewable energy resources with huge potential for growth," said Mapp."This recognition of our geothermal research programs will allow our scientists to collaborate with an elite group of researchers in the United States, Australia, Switzerland and Iceland."Scientists from New Zealand research organizations were committed to finding new ways to harness the country's extensive geothermal fields, said Mapp."Innovation and clean energy is a big part of enabling New Zealand to grow the economy," said Mapp."This new international partnership will help keep us at the forefront of technology developments such as enhanced geothermal systems."Established in 2008, the IPGT seeks to develop advanced, cost- effective geothermal energy technologies through international research co-operation.New Zealand's geothermal electricity generation rose by 21 percent last year and accounted for 13 percent of total electricity generation, its highest recorded level.The government is aiming to expand geothermal energy with three large geothermal projects in the pipeline by 2020.The country's biggest geothermal project is to be Contact Energy's 250-megawatt Tauhara II geothermal project.The project, being developed northeast of the central North Island town of Taupo, is expected to produce enough electricity to meet the needs of around 270,000 homes when it becomes fully operational in 2015.

BALI, Indonesia, Nov. 19 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said on Saturday that an immediate task for East Asian nations in the face of the global financial crisis was to maintain continuous, rapid development of the region's economy.Addressing the 6th East Asia Summit, Wen said East Asian nations should provide momentum for the world economy's robust, sustainable and balanced development."We should continue to strengthen cooperation and the summit should play a strategic role in this regard," he said.Wen put forward a five-point proposal for boosting the regional economy:First, coping with the international economic and financial crisis should continue to be regarded as a priority, he said.East Asian nations should implement appropriate fiscal and monetary policies in accordance with their national conditions, shore up market confidence, and enhance coordination in the macro-economic policy and financial cooperation.Second, Wen said the region should earnestly carry out and improve agreed free trade arrangements, steadily advance the building of new free trade areas, and further open markets.The Chinese premier called on East Asian nations to counter protectionism and properly handle international trade frictions.Third, the region should encourage expansion of investment and increase investor confidence, he said.It should boost the inner drive for its development through such ways as industrial transfer and regional interconnection, Wen said.Fourth, he called for prioritizing sustainable development as a long-term cooperative goal, stronger cooperation in key fields, help for East Asian countries to transform their economic development model, and intensified cooperation in such areas as energy-saving, environmental protection, education and disaster control, so as to enhance development potential.His final point urged overcoming challenges brought by non-traditional security threats to create a better environment for development, and strengthening cooperation in the fields of information exchange, capacity building and emergency response.Wen said that, as a strategic forum, the EAS facilitated mutual understanding and cooperation between East Asian nations."Under the new situation, we should continue to regard the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as the dominant power of cooperation at the summit and make efforts to seek and expand interest junctions," he said.China was willing to work with all sides to make the summit more fruitful and benefit more countries and peoples, the Chinese premier said.Echoing Wen's remarks, participants at the summit said under the current international political and economic situation, East Asian cooperation should continue to wield the influence of ASEAN domination and the existing mechanism to intensify mutual support and coordination, and deepen cooperation in the fields of economy and trade, finance, food security, energy security and disaster relief.