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BEIJING, June 10 (Xinhua) -- The nation's drug watchdog on Friday publicized a draft national standard of sulfur dioxide residue in Chinese herbal medicine, which is open for public opinion until Sept. 9 this year.The maximum amount of sulfur dioxide residue is 400 mg in one kg of each of 11 specified kinds of herbal medicine, such as Chinese yams, Gastrodia elata and Codonopsis pilosola, according to the draft standard unveiled by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA).The standard provides a 150-mg-per-kg limit for all other kinds of herbal medicine.Fumigation with sulfur is used as a way of drying some herbal medicine by growers, and currently have no alternative that is both cheap and convenient.The SFDA said it doesn't favor the drying herbal medicine through fumigation with sulfur and urges research efforts to invent new alternatives.According to the World Health Organization, the tolerable maximum amount of sulfur dioxide that a human body can take in one day is 0.7 mg per kg, which means that an adult of 60 kg should not take in more than 42 mg of sulfur dioxide a day.Long-term exposure to high amounts of sulfur dioxide can cause damage to human body, especially the respiratory system, according to experts. 

BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong met here on Wednesday with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp.Liu praised Intel's development strategy of expanding investment in China and showed appreciation for the company's support of the development of China's education sector as well as its commitment to good corporate citizenship.She briefed Otellini on China's 12th Five-Year Plan, the recent developments in education and the mechanism for China-U.S. High-level Consultation on People-to-People Exchange.Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong (R) meets with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp, in Beijing, capital of China, Sept. 28, 2011.She said bilateral people-to-people exchanges have made great achievements, with extensive consensuses reached on cooperation in the areas of education, science and technology, culture, sports, women and youth in the last two years.She hoped Intel will give full play to its advantages and deepen cooperation with China's Ministry of Education, so as to make new contributions to bilateral people-to-people exchanges.

BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

SINGAPORE, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Researchers from Singapore and China are conducting a research aimed at using different technologies to completely capture and convert carbon dioxide in industrial emissions into energy, local daily Lianhe Zaobao reported on Tuesday.The project, supported by the National Research Foundation (NSF) of Singapore, will make use of sunlight as well as photochemical and photosynthetic processes, the foundation said.The researchers involved in the five-year project are from China's Peking University and Singapore's National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University. A research center will be established under the Campus for Research Excellence and Tehnological Enterprise, a program also known as CREATE, the foundation said.It will be the first project involving cooperation with a Chinese university under the program. It will be located at the University Town of the National University of Singapore due to be completed by the end of the year.Lee Yuan-Kun, a researcher at the National University of Singapore, said no single chemical process can capture and convert the carbon dioxide completely so the researchers will be first treating the emissions with photochemical and electrochemical processes to convert most of the carbon dioxide into energy resources such as methane.The gas with thinner carbon dioxide will then be used to grow microalgae, he said.Nevertheless, for the cost of renewable energy to be close to that of fossil fuel, the efficiency will have to be drastically improved by about five to 10 times, Lee said.The project is one of three energy research projects to be housed under the Campus for Research Excellence and Tehnological Enterprise program.Zhang Dongxiao, from the College of Engineering at Peking University, said that the research program seeks to develop energy efficient and environmentally friendly carbon capture technologies that can be applied in the manufacturing and chemical industries, and that it complements Peking University's strong capability in carbon storage."Reducing carbon intensity will not only benefit both countries in terms of cost competitiveness of products made, but also portrays a good image on our national responsibility to achieve a sustainable Earth," Zhang said. 

SAN FRANCISCO, June 28 (Xinhua) -- Google on Tuesday rolled out a new social networking service named "Google+", a long awaited move of the Internet search giant to crack the industry's social trend dominated by Facebook.Unlike Facebook, Google said that the project is designed for sharing with small groups like college roommates and parents. " Today's online services turn friendship into fast food, wrapping everyone in 'friend' paper," Google said in a blog post announcing the new service.Other Google+ features include Sparks, which gathers articles and videos on topics of interests or hobbies; and Hangouts, which allows users join live multi-person video chat.There is also a mobile version of Google+ for smartphones running Google's Android operating system, which enables multi- person text message chats and instant upload of photos from the phone.The Google+ project is currently in field trial and by invitation only. Users can select people from their Gmail contacts and organize them into different groups.Google+ is expected to test whether Google could come back from its past frustration in social networking, such as Buzz, a social networking and messaging too integrated into its Gmail service. Some of Google Buzz's features have been widely criticized for privacy concerns.Market research data show that Facebook has surpassed Google in terms of time spent on each site, a fact that advertisers attach importance to.According to Internet market research company comScore, including YouTube, 180 million people visited Google sites in May, compare to 157.2 million on Facebook. However, Facebook users looked at 103 billion pages and spent an average of 375 minutes on the site, while Google users viewed 46.3 billion pages and spent 231 minutes.In April, Google CEO and co-founder Larry Page reportedly sent out a company-wide memo alerting employees that 25 percent of their annual bonus will be tied to the success or failure of Google's social strategy in 2011.

来源：资阳报