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BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

WASHINGTON, July 8 (Xinhua) -- U.S. President Barack Obama on Friday hailed space shuttle Atlantis' final flight in NASA's shuttle program, saying Americans across the country watched with pride as America reached for the heavens once more.Obama expressed his "sincere gratitude" to Atlantis astronauts and space workers because they "helped our country lead the space age.""Today's launch may mark the final flight of the space shuttle, " Obama said in a statement. "But it propels us into the next era of our never-ending adventure to push the very frontiers of exploration and discovery in space."Friday's flight is the 33rd voyage for Atlantis. Its return to the earth later this month will mark the end of the 30-year shuttle program."What a truly awesome day today," said NASA Associate Administrator for Space Operations Bill Gerstenmaier at the STS- 135 postlaunch news conference. "What you saw is the finest launch team and shuttle preparation teams in the world.""It truly was an awesome, spectacular launch," added Kennedy Space Center Director Bob Cabana, who looked ahead to plans for future development beyond the shuttle program as space station operations continue.Atlantis will be the last shuttle to be retired. Discovery was first in March, followed by Endeavour at the beginning of June. Each shuttle will head to a museum.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.

JERUSALEM, July 25 (Xinhua) -- A new study carried out by a Tel Aviv University researcher indicates that the common backache may not only be caused by bad positions or aging, but also by your genes.Prof. Gregory Livshits of the Sackler Faculty of Medicine says that genes play a major role in back pain, especially in the lower back, and in spinal deterioration.In a decade-long project with 2,500 identical and non-identical twins, Livshits found that, in one Arab family, the same back problems appeared in all the members of the family, whether young or old.According to the study, non-identical twins were three times more likely to have back pain, while identical twins were six times more likely to have the same back problems.Livshits believes the discovery of the link between back pains and genes could lead to much better treatment.The research was developed in collaboration with a team of scientists at Kings College, London, led by Prof. Tim Spector and Dr. Fran Williams and was recently published in the journal " Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases."In order to better investigate the genetic causes for one of the world most common pains, Livshits and his colleagues hope to put together an international consortium of research groups.

CHICAGO, Aug. 25 (Xinhua) -- Gold futures on the COMEX Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange on Thursday bounced off the biggest drop since March 2008, as the weakness in stock market enhanced appeal of gold as a safe-have investment.The most active gold contract for Dec. delivery gained 5.9 U.S. dollars, or 0.3 percent, to 1,763.2 dollars per ounce. The metal suffered on Wednesday the biggest one-day drop since March 19, 2008.Market analysts said that gold extended losses in earlier trading, hit by a margin-requirement increase, but the drop in global stock market gave a push to the metal. Both Dow Jones industrial average and S&P 500 declined on Thursday after a 3-day rise as a government report showed U.S. jobless claims rose last week.Besides, market hearsay went that Germany might be next to get a sovereign-debt downgrade, adding to the positive tone on gold market. German equity market also suffered sharp drop in the day.Many market watchers remained long-term bullish attitude toward gold although they said the precious metal could correct further in the short term. A trader noted that the fundamental factors driving uncertainty and fears are all still there.Expectations are growing that the Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke would not provide any form of stimulus in a speech scheduled for Friday at a yearly gathering of central bankers in Jackson Hole.Silver for Sept. delivery also rose 1.583 dollars, or four percent, to 40.745 dollars per ounce. Platinum for Oct. delivery lost 3.9 dollars, or 0.2 percent, to 1822.4 dollars per ounce.

BEIJING, June 12 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese official has called the country's police to better serve the people when the Communist Party of China (CPC) is meeting the 90th founding anniversary.Zhou Yongkang, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, made the remark on Sunday evening in meeting with top 10 favorite police officers selected through a nationwide vote.The Ministry of Public Security (MOPS) and the China Central Television have jointly conducted My Favorite Police Officer Competition in the past eight years.This year's winners include 75-year-old detective Wu Guoqing, network security police officer Li Qing from Jiangsu Province, traffic police officer Wu Hao of Miao Nationality from Hunan Province, female SWAT team leader Pan Qin from Guizhou Province.Zhou said that this year's competition attracted more than 150 million online voters which means more and more people are supporting the activity, and all winners should cherish the honor and better serve the people on their own posts.The official called on police officers around the country to learn from the 10 favarite officers and other winners in the competition who have all made outstanding contribution to the security of the people and society.

来源：资阳报