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California regulators want to tax text messages to increase funds for programs that bring connectivity to underserved residents.A new surcharge proposed by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) wouldn't be a per-text tax, but a monthly fee based a cellular bill that includes any fees for text-message services. Most carriers offer a flat fee option for texting, and already charge a similar fee for other services included in the bill — such as phone calls. The exact structure of the charge would vary from carrier to carrier.The commission will vote on the measure January 10, 2019, and is facing strong opposition from industry trade groups like the CTIA, which represents AT&T Mobility, Sprint, and T-Mobile. (AT&T is the parent company of CNN.)The 52-page proposal by CPUC Commissioner Carla J. Peterman lays out the details of the plan, and says the state's Public Purpose Program budget is going up while incoming fees to fill it are decreasing. Currently the surcharge rate is less than 7%.The proposed plan could be complicated by a new Federal Communication Commission ruling. On Wednesday, the FCC approved a new rule that classifies text messages as an "information service" like email. Proponent of the rule say it will give carriers the ability to crack down on spam messages, and critics say it could lead to carriers censoring messages.The CTIA argued in a legal filing submitted Wednesday that if texts are an information service, then the CPUC doesn't have authority over them and can't add on surcharges. It claims the proposal would go against federal law.The industry group also says the proposal would create inequity "between wireless carriers and other providers of messaging services," such as WhatsApp, iMessage and Skype."Subjecting wireless carriers' text messaging traffic to surcharges that cannot be applied to the lion's share of messaging traffic and messaging providers is illogical, anticompetitive, and harmful to consumers," the CTIA said in its filing.In light of the FCC ruling and other legal filings submitted to the CPUC, the group could change its draft proposal before the vote next month.According to the CPUC, the charges go to a number of different programs, including 911 services, subsidized phone service for low-income residents, and equipment for deaf and hard-of-hearing users. 2379

BUFFALO, N.Y. — University at Buffalo earthworm expert Nick Henshue says Amynthas, invasive "jumping" earthworms with destructive potential, are appearing in the Western New York area.The earthworms live in the top few inches of soil, can grow to about the length of a pencil and gobble up fallen leaves that experts say play a vital role in forest ecosystems.Henshue believes the invasive earthworms may have been transported to the area in part via contaminated mulch."In agricultural systems, earthworms can be great, but in forests in our area, these jumping worms reduce leaf litter, which is really a protective layer that we rely on to protect and hide seeds and keep the sun off newly germinating plants," Henshue said. "The ability of earthworms, writ large, to reduce that leaf litter, to mix up different soil horizons, to add a whole lot of bacteria to the soil — it's very disruptive to plants, to animals and to organisms that live in the soil."Henshue says human activity is what leads to the spread of these invasive species."We shouldn't have earthworms at all in New York State, native or otherwise, because the glaciers pushed them so far south during the ice age," Henshue said. "But we do because of boats, bait, potted plants, soil being moved. Earthworm egg cases are tiny. They're smaller than the backing of an earring. They get transported around really easily."Below are some tips provided by Henshue to help stop the spread of these invasive species:Don't use jumping worms as bait.Be vigilant when taking part in plant swaps.Obtain clean mulch and compost from reliable sources."There's not a very good solution because we don't have anything that specifically targets these earthworms," Henshue said. "The quick and dirty way would be to just kill everything, and that's not okay. You'd wipe out beneficial insects and microbes as well. So the best thing we can do is prevention. Be vigilant about mulch piles, root cuttings and plant swaps. Don't use these things as bait."For more information on identifying the worms and stopping the spread, click here.This story was originally published by Anthony Reyes on WKBW in Buffalo. 2166

Can you imagine a pile of trash twice the size of Texas? That's what's floating in the Pacific Ocean right now.A group started an ambitious project to clean it up.Boyan Slat, founder of The Ocean Cleanup, has waited five years to see his idea put into action. That idea consists of a 2,000-foot long barrier, with a 10-foot skirt below that’ll help get plastic out of the ocean.“2,000 feet is a pretty big clean up system, and just imagining that the future one will probably be you know maybe twice as large,” says Slat.It's work starts at the Great Pacific Garbage Patch--an area between California and Hawaii--with a pile of trash three times the size of France.  “You go out there, it's all blue. The thing is you're all miles away from any human activity and you start to see like objects that you can see in your kitchen,” says Laurent Lebreton, lead oceanographer. “So, it's just very striking like you wouldn't expect.”The system will corral the plastic floating on the surface, so fish and other ocean life can swim underneath. Then, smaller boats take the plastic back to shore for recycling. The Ocean Cleanup says it can extract 50 percent of the plastic in the patch every five years.  “That's a huge goal,” says Dr. Mikki McColb-Kobza, with Ocean First Institute. “If they are able to do that, I think that is a really big dent into the problem.”Dr. McColb-Kobza says the system is meeting an unaddressed need.  “There really haven't been a lot of other projects trying to go out and bring trash bag to try and figure out a way to bring it back,” he says.  Still, some say the system creates a false sense of security, and more focus should be placed on keeping plastic out of the ocean to begin with.  But Dr. McColb-Kobza says the project is a great way to get that conversation started.  “Really the key is not only to clean up what is there, but it's to think about why you know do we live in this plastic throw a way society.”   1990

Californians have voted to carve out specific gig workers from a state employment law about who is considered an employee and eligible for benefits.That means people who drive for Uber and Lyft will remain classified as independent contractors and will not be eligible for employee benefits.A California Supreme Court decision in 2018 created a strict test to decide whether a self-employed worker, like gig workers, should be considered employees.In response to the ruling, lawmakers amended Assembly Bill 5 in 2019 to add additional professions where services could be provided by independent contractors, and would not necessarily be employees. However, no changes were made for app-based companies like Lyft, Uber and DoorDash.The state law made app-based drivers employees, and would pay them for their time both while they are driving and they are waiting for a new ride, and offer employee benefits like paid sick leave and workers compensation for one-the-job injuries, the Los Angeles Times explains.Since the proposition has passed, drivers will remain categorized as independent contractors, although the proposition includes wording to require companies to provide an hourly wage for time spent driving equal to 120% of minimum wage. The language also gives drivers a stipend for purchasing health insurance coverage when their driving time averages at least 15 hours a week. However, only hours spent driving counts toward that total, not the time spent waiting between trips.Proposition 22 was launched and partially funded by Lyft and Uber. Nearly 0 million was spent on the campaign for this proposition alone. 1637

Cedar Point's newest roller coaster was shut down Saturday after two train cars bumped into each other.Witnesses said the cars were traveling at a slow rate of speed when the collision happened.According to witnesses, one of the carts made a "weird rattle noise" in the second-to-last corkscrew before entering the station. The second cart came in shortly after and hit the first train. 394

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