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SUVA, Sept. 21 (Xinhua) -- The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) stressed on Wednesday that sustainable use and management of forests and tree resources will remain its important focus for the foreseeable future.Sairusi Bulai, a forestry team coordinator of SPC's Land Resources Division (LRD) told a regional workshop currently underway in Fiji's western tourist city of Nadi that "our main issue was and continues to be the lack of adequate resources to enable countries to effectively implement sustainable forest management.""Therefore, we are very fortunate that we have this opportunity to discuss findings and recommendations of the mission, which the UN-REDD Program has undertaken in the Pacific earlier this year," he added.REDD+ is a new international mechanism to compensate developing countries for reducing their rate of deforestation and forest degradation and increasing their carbon stocks.Developing countries participate on a voluntary basis. They provide technical and financial assistance to enable eligible countries to meet the requirements for future participation. Once a country begins participating, it receives compensation for its verified reduction in carbon emission from forest activities.The UN-REDD Program is a collaborative partnership of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to support countries in the preparation of this mechanism.Bulai encouraged participants to take advantage of the excellent opportunity to discuss REDD+ experiences in the region and to link up with the experts in attendance.REDD+ gives an excellent opportunity to create better awareness and understanding amongst all stakeholders, including resource owners, so that informed decisions are made to avoid exploitation, he said.Bulai, meanwhile, stressed on the critical importance of multi- sectoral as well as multi-stakeholder based approaches to forest management to effectively reduce deforestation and forest degradation.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have proven that oncogenes can change normal cells into stem-like cells, paving the way to a safer and more practical approach to treating diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer with stem cell therapy.In a collaborative study, researchers from the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), and the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in California and Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in New York have successfully converted human skin cells into brain cells by suppressing the expression of p53, a protein encoded by a widely studied oncogene. This suggests that p53 mutation helps determine cell fate -- good or bad -- rather than only the outcome of cancer.Oncogenes are generally thought to be genes that, when mutated, change healthy cells into cancerous tumor cells.Study findings were appearing Monday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)."The reality may be more complicated than people think," said Jiang F. Zhong, Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology at the Keck School. "What is a stem cell gene? What is a cancer gene? It may be the same thing.""When you turn off p53, people think the cell becomes cancerous because we tend to focus on the bad thing," Zhong said. "Actually, the cell becomes more plastic and could do good things, too. Let's say the cell is like a person who loses his job (the restriction of p53). He could become a criminal or he could find another job and have a positive effect on society. What pushes him one way or the other, we don't know because the environment is very complicated."Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In humans, embryonic stem cells differentiate into three families, or germ layers, of cells. The reasons why and how certain stem cells differentiate into particular layers are not clearly understood. However, from those layers, tissues and organs develop. The endoderm, for example, leads to formation of the stomach, colon and lungs, while the mesoderm forms blood, bone and heart tissue. In its study, Zhong's team examined human skin cells, which are related to brain and neural cells from the ectoderm.When p53 was suppressed, the skin cells developed into cells that looked exactly like human embryonic stem cells. But, unlike other man-made stem cells that are "pluripotent" and can become any other cells in the body, these cells differentiated only into cells from the same germ layer, ectoderm."IPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) can turn into anything, so they are hard to control," Zhong said. "Our cells are staying within the ectoderm lineage."Zhong said he expects that suppressing other oncogenes in other families of cells would have the same effect, which could have critical significance for stem cell therapy. Future research should focus on determining which genes to manipulate, Zhong said.The study is slated to appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences later this month, according to AAAS.

SYDNEY, Aug. 25 (Xinhua) -- Scientists in Australia have discovered a way of stopping mosquitoes carrying dengue virus, raising hopes for preventing the 50 million human cases of the disease every year, local media reported on Thursday.Groundbreaking experiments in Queensland have found a common insect bacteria, wMel Wolbachia, which can dramatically reduce the presence of dengue fever in mosquitoes.The research, led by Professor Scott O'Neill, Dean at Melbourne's Monash University, was published on Thursday in the prestigious journal, Nature.Australian researchers working on the Eliminate Dengue program aim to protect the mosquitoes themselves from dengue and so stop them transmitting the virus to humans."What the experiments have shown is that this strain of Wolbachia when it is put into mosquitoes really reduces the ability of the (dengue) virus to grow in the mosquito and if it can't grow, then it can't get transmitted in people," O'Neill told reporters.O'Neill said while it was too early to say if the experiments heralded the end of dengue fever, it was a major step towards that goal.In the past decade, there have been 2400 cases of dengue fever reported during 36 outbreaks in Australia.Dengue fever has become endemic in tropical regions, where it is spread by a specific type of mosquito that becomes infected after biting humans with the disease.Despite millions of people being infected with dengue each year, there is currently no way of stopping its rapid spread either by vaccines or controlling mosquito populations.Further trials will be conducted in Cairns in north Queensland over the coming wet season and approval is currently being sought for trials in Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil and Indonesia that will directly determine the effectiveness of the method in reducing dengue disease in human populations, according to Monash University.

WASHINGTON, July 27 (Xinhua) -- Astronomers studying observations taken by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission have discovered the first known "Trojan" asteroid orbiting the sun along with Earth, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced Wednesday in a statement.Trojans are asteroids that share an orbit with a planet near stable points in front of or behind the planet. Because they constantly lead or follow in the same orbit as the planet, they never can collide with it. In our solar system, Trojans also share orbits with Neptune, Mars and Jupiter. Two of Saturn's moons share orbits with Trojans.Scientists had predicted Earth should have Trojans, but they have been difficult to find because they are relatively small and appear near the sun from Earth's point of view."These asteroids dwell mostly in the daylight, making them very hard to see," said Martin Connors of Athabasca University in Canada, lead author of a new paper on the discovery to be published Thursday in the journal Nature. "But we finally found one, because the object has an unusual orbit that takes it farther away from the sun than what is typical for Trojans. WISE was a game-changer, giving us a point of view difficult to have at Earth 's surface."The WISE telescope scanned the entire sky in infrared light from January 2010 to February 2011. Connors and his team began their search for an Earth Trojan using data from NEOWISE, an addition to the WISE mission that focused in part on near-Earth objects, or NEOs, such as asteroids and comets. NEOs are bodies that pass within 28 million miles (45 million kilometers) of Earth 's path around the sun. The NEOWISE project observed more than 155, 000 asteroids in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter, and more than 500 NEOs, discovering 132 that were previously unknown.The team's hunt resulted in two Trojan candidates. One called 2010 TK7 was confirmed as an Earth Trojan after follow-up observations with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.The asteroid is roughly 1,000 feet (300 meters) in diameter. It has an unusual orbit that traces a complex motion near a stable point in the plane of Earth's orbit, although the asteroid also moves above and below the plane. The object is about 50 million miles (80 million kilometers) from Earth. The asteroid's orbit is well-defined and for at least the next 100 years, it will not come closer to Earth than 15 million miles (24 million kilometers).

WASHINGTON, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Short sleep duration may contribute to the development or worsening of hyperactivity and inattention during early childhood, suggests a research abstract that was presented Tuesday at SLEEP 2011, the 25th Anniversary Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC.Results show that less sleep in preschool-age children significantly predicted worse parent-reported hyperactivity and inattention at kindergarten. The sample consisted of approximately 6,860 children, and analyses controlled for gender, ethnicity and family income."Children who were reported to sleep less in preschool were rated by their parents as more hyperactive and less attentive compared to their peers at kindergarten," said lead author Erika Gaylor, senior researcher for SRI International, an independent, nonprofit research institute in Menlo Park, California. "These findings suggest that some children who are not getting adequate sleep may be at risk for developing behavioral problems manifested by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and problems sitting still and paying attention." According to the authors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not generally diagnosed until the school-age years. However, the onset of developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity is often much younger. Sleep problems, particularly difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, are frequently reported in children and adolescents with ADHD. However, the direction of causation, if any, has been difficult to determine. Longitudinal studies may provide a window into the direction of this complex relationship.Last year at SLEEP 2010, Gaylor reported that having a regular bedtime was the most consistent predictor of positive developmental outcomes at four years of age. Having an earlier bedtime also was predictive of higher scores for most developmental measures.