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BEIJING, Aug. 16 (Xinhuanet) -- Almost one in four Chinese students aged between 12 and 14 have tried smoking, according to the results of a survey released by the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control (CATC).The survey, carried out among 38,839 students and 6,503 teachers from middle and high schools in 11 provinces across the country between May and June, showed that 22.5 percent of students aged between 12 and 14 had tried smoking and that 15.8 percent of middle and high school students smoke regularly."There are definitely quite a number of boy students in my class who smoke regularly as some have been found smoking outside campus during lunch break," said Li Xiaolan, an English teacher from a high school in Shanghai. The survey also found that 39 percent of students took their first cigarette from their classmates."It was quite common to smoke with my classmates at school and we usually smoked in toilets or in corners of the playground after lunch," said Zhou Guangrong, a 22-year-old university student from Guiyang, Guizhou province, who started smoking when he was 12.The majority of student smokers buy cigarettes themselves and about 76 percent of the adolescent smokers said that there is at least one cigarette shop within 200 meters from their school."When I was a student at middle and high schools, they were surrounded by cigarette shops," said Zhou who used to smoke two cigarettes per day in primary school and two packs per week in middle and high school."We're keen to show that more adolescents are starting smoking much younger than before, and that we need to minimize the number of young smokers," said Duan Jiali, secretary-general of the youth tobacco control commission under CATC. Duan added that teachers and parents should set a good example for teenagers by not smoking in front of them at school or at home, which is the most influential way of stopping adolescents from smoking.China banned smoking in 16 types of public indoor venues - including hospitals, schools, bars, restaurants and hotels - on May 1 in an attempt to curb tobacco use in the country with the world's largest number of smokers.Currently, there are more than 300 million smokers in China, and about 1.2 million people die from smoking-related diseases every year, accounting for one-fifth of the world's total, according to statistics from the World Health Organization."Meanwhile, about 540 million people are exposed to secondhand smoke, 48.9 percent of which are adolescents (from 15 to 19 years old)," said Xu Guihua, deputy director of the CATC."It's essential and urgent for us to control the number of adult smokers who potentially tempt adolescents to smoke."

LOS ANGELES, June 4 (Xinhua) -- Pregnant women who eat high-fat diet may be more likely to have a higher rate of stillbirth, a new study suggests.Researchers at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSH) came to the conclusion after observing 24 pregnant Japanese macaques that ate either a diet comprising 32 percent calories from fat or a control diet with 14 percent fat calories for at least four years.The researchers found the monkeys that ate a high-fat diet experienced a significant decrease in blood flow from the uterus to the placenta, a reduction of 38 percent to 56 percent, and a rise in placental inflammation.This was the case regardless of whether the monkeys were obese or slender. The risk of stillbirth was further compounded, however, when the monkeys were obese with hyper-insulinemia, or pre-diabetes.A large order of McDonald's french fries are shown May 22, 2008. McDonald's has switched to cooking oils free of trans fats in all of its restaurants in the United States and Canada, Chief Executive Jim Skinner said on may 23Eating a high-fat diet decreases blood flow from the mother to the placenta, the temporary organ that nourishes the unborn fetus, thus raising the risk of stillbirth, the researchers explained.Because the placental structure of the Japanese macaque is very similar to that in humans, cause and effect can be better established, the researchers said.Additional studies are needed to determine exactly how a high- fat diet decreases placental blood flow, the researchers noted.This is the first study to explain exactly how a fatty diet contributes to stillbirth, the researchers said in the study appearing in the June edition of the journal Endocrinology.The researchers hope their work will inform expectant moms and their physicians about the inherent dangers of a high-calorie, high- fat diet."This study demonstrates that maternal diet during pregnancy has a profound influence on both placental and fetal development," said Antonio Frias, M.D., principal investigator and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology (perinatology/maternal-fetal medicine) in the OHSU School of Medicine."The high-calorie, high-fat diet common in our society has negative effects on placental function and may be a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth."Previous studies have shown that nearly all adverse outcomes during pregnancy -- abnormal fetal growth, preeclampsia, preterm labor and stillbirth -- are in some way associated with an abnormally developed, or damaged, placenta, the temporary organ that nourishes the unborn fetus.In addition, maternal obesity has been associated with placental inflammation and dysfunction and an increased risk of stillbirth.Taking these findings into account, the researchers hypothesized that eating a diet high in fat during pregnancy also may increase the risk of placental inflammation and the risk of stillbirth.The researchers said they plan to conduct further studies on the impact of dietary changes and diet supplementation on improving outcomes in both monkeys and humans.

CANBERRA, June 10 (Xinhua) -- Going to work when you are feeling sick can make you sicker in the long run, an expert told Australia's media on Friday.New Zealand sociologist Professor Kevin Dew from the Victoria University in Wellington, has assessed more than 40 papers about " presenteeism".He defined presenteeism as: "People that are turning up at work when they feel that they should be at home sick.""People feel compelled to go to work because someone else would have to take up the workload (and they have a) feeling of responsibility for not being able to care properly for patients (if they don't show up)," he told the Australia Associated Press on Friday.He said that evidence suggested people who go to work when they are sick can have long term negative effects on health and productivity.Evidence shows that presenteeism increases illness, including musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression, and serious coronary events. It also leads to exhaustion which, in turn, leads to more presenteeism.Prof. Dew said certain medical conditions like depression and migraine are also linked with presenteeism because they are not seen as legitimate reasons for absence.He has written an editorial in the latest issue of the British Medical Journal about his findings.

CANBERRA, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- Australia on Friday launched the first national study to find out whether low to moderate levels of alcohol drank by pregnant women are harmful or not to an unborn child, hoping to provide a clear indication about the safe amount of alcohol for pregnant women.The Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne, which commissioned the study, is recruiting 2000 pregnant women who will be quizzed throughout their pregnancy about their drinking habits, general health and diets.Their babies will then undergo medical checks, when they turn one and again at two to see if their brains, development and behavior was affected by alcohol consumed by their mums.According to lead researcher associate professor, Jane Halliday, while there was solid evidence about the dangers of heavy drinking for an unborn baby, it was not known if there was a safe amount of alcohol pregnant women could drink.She said the study hoped to shed light on the best approach to alcohol use during pregnancy."The problem is that for about half of women that get pregnant it is unplanned, and a lot of women are drinking around the time they get pregnant and may drink for the first month or so and that creates a lot of anxiety," Assoc Prof Halliday said in a statement."From the few international and Australian studies there's conflicting evidence as to whether there's an adverse effect."We firmly believe that no drinking is the safest option, but our main aim is to provide an evidence base to the policy and answer questions about individual risks."The study came after research by the University of Newcastle published in 2010 revealed 80 percent of Australian women drank during pregnancy.

BEIJING, Aug. 24 (Xinhuanet) -- Facebook said it is overhauling its privacy settings to give members easier, more precise control over who sees posts, photos and other content over the vast social network.Starting Thursday, Facebook is rolling out new privacy tools that are placed with each piece of content, replacing options that are now buried in overall account settings.Privacy has been a consistently sticky problem for the Palo Alto firm, which has felt the heat from privacy advocates and government regulators. And recently, Facebook faced stiffer competition from Google's new Google+ social network, which was hailed for including a "circles" feature with easy-to-use privacy settings.Instead of vague labels such as "everyone," which have been mistaken for a Facebook member's social network instead of anyone on the Internet, the new system will include more precise words such as "public.""You have told us that 'who can see this?' could be clearer across Facebook, so we have made changes to make this more visual and straightforward," Chris Cox, Facebook's vice president of product, said in blog post."The main change is moving most of your controls from a settings page to being inline, right next to the posts, photos and tags they affect. Plus there are several other updates here that will make it easier to understand who can see your stuff (or your friends') in any context," Cox said.While privacy advocates reserved judgment until the new settings are actually released, they were optimistic the changes will benefit consumers."These changes do make me feel very confident in the direction that Facebook is going and the way they are thinking about privacy," said Erica Newland, policy analyst for the Center for Democracy & Technology in Washington, D.C.