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WASHINGTON, Nov. 10 (Xinhua) -- Using its near-infrared vision to peer nine billion years back in time, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered an extraordinary population of young dwarf galaxies brimming with star formation, the U.S. space agency announced on Thursday.While dwarf galaxies represent the most common type of galaxy in the universe, the rapid star-birth observed in these newly- found examples may force astronomers to reassess their understanding of the ways in which galaxies form.The galaxies are a hundred times less massive, on average, than the Milky Way, yet they churn out stars at such a furious pace that their stellar content would double in just 10 million years. By comparison, the Milky Way would take a thousand times longer to double its star population.The universe is estimated to be 13.7 billion years old, and these newly-discovered galaxies are extreme even for the young universe -- when most galaxies were forming stars at higher rates than they are today. Astronomers using Hubble's instruments could spot the galaxies because the radiation from young, hot stars has caused the oxygen in the gas surrounding them to light up like a bright neon sign."The galaxies have been there all along, but up until recently astronomers have been able only to survey tiny patches of sky at the sensitivities necessary to detect them," said Arjen van der Wel of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany, lead author of a paper on the results to be published online on Nov. 14 in The Astrophysical Journal. "We weren't looking specifically for these galaxies, but they stood out because of their unusual colors. "The observations were part of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS), an ambitious three- year study to analyze the most distant galaxies in the universe. CANDELS is the first census of dwarf galaxies at such an early epoch."In addition to the images, Hubble has captured spectra that show us the oxygen in a handful of galaxies and confirmed their extreme star-forming nature," said co-author Amber Straughn at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. "Spectra are like fingerprints. They tell us the galaxies' chemical composition."The CANDELS team uncovered the 69 young dwarf galaxies in near- infrared images taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 and Advanced Camera for Surveys.The observations suggest that the newly-discovered galaxies were very common nine billion years ago. However, it is a mystery why the newly-found dwarf galaxies were making batches of stars at such a high rate.

KUNMING, Dec. 11 (Xinhua) -- By moonlight, Ma Yuanqiong, a grassroots AIDS prevention practitioner, and her colleagues slipped into a large community of migrant workers in the city of Jinghong in southwest Yunnan province.As usual, they were greeted tepidly. A dozen sex workers living in the community came to obtain free condoms and brochures on AIDS prevention and quickly dispersed."We visit these women every week. They are familiar with us, but rarely talk about themselves," said Ma, who is in charge of an AIDS prevention program targeting sex workers in Jinghong. The program was initiated by Fuhua International, a local NGO.Sex workers are highly sensitive and vigilant due to safety concerns, since sexual services are illegal in China, Ma said. They have become harder to find since local police started a persistent crackdown on prostitution two years ago and drove many sex workers underground, she said.INACCESSIBILITY IMPEDES EFFORTSJinghong is located in Xishuangbannan Dai autonomous prefecture. Bordering Laos and Myanmar, it's a famous tourist city where the underground sex industry thrives.The AIDS prevention program, which began in 2006, is aimed at improving sex workers' awareness of the epidemic -- which is primarily sexually transmitted -- and prompting them to change risky behavior.In the beginning, program workers quickly realized they faced a significant challenge. "We were often rejected, or even threatened when trying to get in touch with the sex workers at first," Ma said.But the practitioners persisted, approaching nonjudgmentally and treating them as friends, and eventually their efforts began to pay off.During the past five years, the program has provided free condoms and AIDS consulting services to more than 400 sex workers aged 14 to 58 and from many parts of the country, according to Ma.The program has even helped several sex workers give up the business and pursue legitimate careers.However, the organization currently only keeps in touch with about 100 sex workers and has found it more difficult to reach more.The police crackdown has made the sex workers, especially low-paid street hookers, more mobile and less visible, and Ma pointed out that low-paid sex workers are in greater need for outreach as they are more vulnerable to HIV infection than their their higher-paid counterparts."Low-level sex workers are at a heightened risk, as they and their clients, mainly migrant workers and the elderly, all have insufficient knowledge of the disease," she said.According to statistics provided by the provincial disease control and prevention center (CDC) of Yunnan, about 1.6 percent of sex workers in Yunnan have contracted HIV, while the ratio among the low-level group is 3 percent.By the end of October, Yunnan reported 93,567 HIV carriers and AIDS patients, the most among all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities."We conducted a survey in Jinghong and neighboring Menghai County at the end of 2008 and found that low-level sex workers almost never used condoms then," said Kang Jun, head of the HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment office in Xishuangbanna.The survey also found that the low-level sex workers only charged about 20 yuan (3.2 U.S. dollars) for each service, and every day they received 16 clients on average, according to Kang.Ahead of the police crackdown, Kang and his colleagues had provided HIV testing services for more than 30 low-level sex workers, and the results showed that two of them had been infected by the virus."The testing work was forced to halt as the crackdown began soon and we could hardly find them," Kang said.The good news, he said, was that the local CDC will launch a four-year investigation on sex workers in Xishuangbanna next January as part of a massive state-funded research project.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 25 (Xinhua) -- In the United States, the AIDS epidemic has plateaued, but it is still at "unacceptable high" level, a U.S. expert said ahead of the World AIDS Day."The situation is stable in the United States, stable in an unacceptable high level for at least 10 years and has not gone down. It's still a serious problem," Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), told Xinhua in an exclusive interview.According to Fauci, there are about 1.1 million people infected with HIV in the U.S., of which about 20 percent do not know they are infected. Those are the ones that more likely will infect other people. Since the world's first AIDS case was reported 30 years ago, the U.S. has seen close to 600,000 AIDS-related death. And among the 65,000 new infections each year in the U.S, about 50 percent are African Americans. In the United States, about 12 percent of the population is African American."Our new approach to prevention is to try and get access at community level, to people at most risk, to seek out to voluntarily test, to link them to care, and to automatically get them treatment," said Fauci. "When you get someone on treatment, it is extremely unlikely that they will infect their sexual partner."Fauci thought the international community's battle against the HIV/AIDS has gotten better over the last 30 years.Early on, when the disease was inaccurately thought to be a disease of developed world. There was a denial in many countries in Asia, in Southern Africa, South America and Caribbean, that this will turn out to be an extraordinary problem in those countries. As the years went by, it was clear that it was not a disease of gay men in the United States and the developed world. It was a disease mostly in the developing world when 90 percent of new infections occur in low- and middle-income countries and 67 percent of the cases are in Southern Africa."The response of the global community first was denial and not full appreciation of the potential impact of the pandemic. As the years have gone by, the response has been better and better," said Fauci, an immunologist that has made substantial contributions to research in the areas of AIDS and other immunodeficiencies, both as a scientist and as the head of NIAID.The advance in the arena of therapy with drugs has been " spectacular" and "very impressive", he said.In the early 1980 before there were any drugs, the median survival period of people in the United States who was infected with HIV, was about six to eight months. "Today in 2010, if someone was newly infected with HIV and he's 20-25 years old, and you put them on therapy, you can predict mathematically that they will live additional 50 years," said Fauci.Over the last couple of years, there has been "significant but slow" advances with vaccines against HIV. For example, there was a trial that was conducted in Thailand in which there was a modest degree of efficacy, about 31 percent of protection."That's not enough to have a vaccine available for widespread use but give us some important clues into what next generation of vaccines would be," said Fauci.As to the "three zeros" target adopted by the United Nations this year, Fauci said that it's "aspirational but not gonna be easy.""It is good to set very high goals for the future. I don't think that we realistically are gonna get to zero new infections, zero new discrimination, zero (AIDS-related) death in the next few years," said Fauci. "I think it will take several years to get there. I believe that if more countries and the international community are engaged to play a role in trying to stop HIV, to prevent and treat and care for HIV-infected individuals, that we will automatically achieve that objective."

WASHINGTON, Dec. 28 (Xinhua) -- People with diets high in several vitamins or in omega 3 fatty acids are less likely to have the brain shrinkage associated with Alzheimer's disease than people whose diets are not high in those nutrients, according to a new study published on Wednesday in the online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Those with diets high in omega 3 fatty acids and in vitamins C, D, E and the B vitamins also had higher scores on mental thinking tests than people with diets low in those nutrients. These omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin D are primarily found in fish. The B vitamins and antioxidants C and E are primarily found in fruits and vegetables.In another finding, the study showed that people with diets high in trans fats were more likely to have brain shrinkage and lower scores on the thinking and memory tests than people with diets low in trans fats. Trans fats are primarily found in packaged, fast, fried and frozen food, baked goods and margarine spreads.The study involved 104 people with an average age of 87 and very few risk factors for memory and thinking problems. Blood tests were used to determine the levels of various nutrients present in the blood of each participant. All of the participants also took tests of their memory and thinking skills. A total of 42 of the participants had MRI scans to measure their brain volume. Overall, the participants had good nutritional status, but seven percent were deficient in vitamin B12 and 25 percent were deficient in vitamin D.Study author Gene Bowman, of Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, said that the nutrient biomarkers in the blood accounted for a significant amount of the variation in both brain volume and thinking and memory scores. For the thinking and memory scores, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 17 percent of the variation in the scores. For brain volume, the nutrient biomarkers accounted for 37 percent of the variation."These results need to be confirmed, but obviously it is very exciting to think that people could potentially stop their brains from shrinking and keep them sharp by adjusting their diet," Bowman said.

BEIJING, Jan. 10 (Xinhuanet) -- Conflicts among hundreds of scalpers raring to stock up on the new iPhone 4S are casting a shadow over the gadget's launch on the Chinese mainland on Friday.Over the weekend, scalpers from two groups bickered and shoved each other when standing in line to purchase iPhone 4 at Apple's Sanlitun store, said witnesses.Workers from two Apple stores in Beijing told China Daily the stores have not started online bookings for the iPhone 4S so far."More than 1,000 of us have gathered to buy all the available iPhone 4 this morning," said a scalper hawking the phone outside the Sanlitun store on Sunday."We'll come again on Friday for iPhone 4S. You'll have no hope of getting an iPhone 4 or 4S from the store, but only from us."The scalpers are asking 4,450 yuan (705 U.S. dollars) for an 8-gigabyte iPhone 4, and 5,450 yuan for a smuggled iPhone 4S. Apple sells an 8-gigabyte iPhone 4 on the mainland for 3,988 yuan.An Apple employee at the Sanlitun store who declined to give her name told China Daily on Monday that the store was aware the scalpers may be planning to besiege the iPhone 4S launch, and the store has prepared for that.Calls to the public relations office of Apple China went straight to voice mail.Police of the Sanlitun police station refused China Daily's interview request.An officer of the property management company of the Sanlitun Village shopping mall, where the store is located, said on Sunday they had not been informed about the weekend fracas outside of the Apple store.But on Monday afternoon, staff members of the company dispersed the scalpers by sealing off part of the store's entrance.Workers at the Sanlitun store and property management staff confirmed two groups of scalpers fought on Saturday afternoon and Sunday when jumping the line or stopping each other to pay to get an iPhone 4.Since October 2010, Apple has ceased direct sales of iPhone 4 at its retail outlets in Beijing and Shanghai and is only accepting online orders or reservations and schedules pick-up at stores to curb rampant scalping.But the registration system for reserve and pick-up has become "momentarily unavailable because of heavy traffic volume" in recent days, said Apple's website.A scalper in his 30s outside the Sanlitun store boasted they had "hacked" Apple's reservation page. He described himself an "unofficial salesman" of Apple.Defending the actions of scalpers that lead to consumers having to pay more, he said "it's not our fault but Apple's, because they put too few products in the mainland market."This is not the first time scalpers have targeted Apple products.Two men and two women suffered minor injuries outside the Sanlitun store during a clash between a worker and angry customers as Apple fans waited to buy iPhone 4 and the newly released iPad 2 in May 2011.According to reports, the incident started when a worker confronted an alleged scalper for jumping the line. This led to a verbal conflict in which the alleged scalper was thrown against the corner of an outside wall, causing injuries to his face and wrist