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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- It’s back to school for many kids across San Diego County. For some, it means new anxieties in the classroom, but for others, it means facing their old foe: bullying. A new program aimed at helping students understand their emotions in an effort to stop aggressive behavior before it starts is sweeping through the San Ysidro School District. RELATED: New program tackles behavioral issues to reduce future crime and violence in school 464

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - In the wake of the coronavirus budget crisis, cuts are being proposed to child welfare services.The proposed cuts come just weeks after Gov. Gavin Newsom announced new investments totaling million to protect younger Californians at heightened risk for abuse and mistreatment due to COVID-19.The April announcement directed funding to support families struggling to stay together, additional social worker outreach, family resources centers, and age extension for foster youth, among other things.According to the County of San Diego, "The funds approved by Governor Newsom will be used in part, as earmarked, benefiting Child Welfare families receiving emergency response and family maintenance services. The County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, Child Welfare Services is partnering with the state as it seeks to provide 0 monthly payments to families with children who are at risk of entering foster care. In addition, funds were allocated to help youth who have exited out of the Child Welfare System. The funds will allow foster youth who turn 21 to extend their stay in foster care to prevent potential homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. San Diego is receiving 0,000 in Transitional Housing Program funds from SB80 which will be used to reduce youth homelessness through the expansion of transitional housing so that we can support youth exiting foster care even after the funds provided for COVID response are no longer available. Funds are also allocated for youth to get access to cell phones and laptops through the iFoster program to continue to participate in educational activities and stay connected with their families during COVID-19. iFoster and San Diego County Child Welfare Services have been working together since 2013 to provide resources to children, youth and caregivers. CWS began working with iFoster to provide cell phones to foster youth in 2019 and will continue this partnership. "But that money will only last so long. The governor's May budget revise contains cuts to children's programs.The budget states: "Child Welfare Services include family support and maltreatment prevention services, child protective services, foster care services, and permanency programs. California's child welfare system provides a continuum of services for children who are either at risk of or have suffered, abuse, neglect, or exploitation. Program success is measured in terms of improving the safety, permanence, and well-being of children and families. The May Revision includes 6.1 million General Fund on 2020-21 for these programs, a decrease of .5 million General Fund since the Governor's Budget. When federal, state, 1991 Realignment, and 2011 Realignment funds are included, total funding for children's programs is over .7 billion in 2020-21."The proposal eliminates Foster Family Agency social worker rate increases, eliminates the Family Urgent Response System, and eliminates the Public Health Nurse Early Intervention Program in Los Angeles County."This is a time where we need to see, not cuts, but increased investment in the kinds of supports that help families meet basic needs and avoid some of the financial stresses and then receive the kinds of services and support for dealing with any issues that may trigger some abuse," said Jessica Heldman with the Children's Advocacy Institute at the University of San Diego.Heldman said they're concerned about funding to help prevent abuse and neglect, funding to foster care services, and making sure there's money to support young adults who are transitioning out of the system and have no support beyond the system.She said transitional youth leave the system at 18 or 21 and don't have a parent or legal guardian who can help with financial support or emotional support. Something as simple as a place to stay."They are high risk of some pretty poor outcomes, and it's going to take a real investment to make sure that we put them in the best position possible when they are going to be struggling," Heldman said.Heldman explained many of the youth aging out of Foster Care are losing their jobs. She cited a recent survey of about 600 transition-age foster youth across the country. It showed 65 percent of the respondents had lost their job, one in five said they are concerned about not having enough money to eat, and more than half of them had not received stimulus checks."I think people are unaware of this population of young adults and older teens who really need the support and need to be a priority or else they are going to become the parents of the next generation who are struggling economically, and the cost to that in our society is going to be far greater than the investment now to make sure that they stay on their feet," she said.Experts say a budget proposal from the Legislature released last week restores many of the cuts proposed by the governor.According to the floor report of the 2020-21 budget, “The Legislature Rejects the Governor's May Revision proposal to eliminate the Foster Family Agency social worker rate increases in 2020-21, Rejects the Governor's May Revision proposal to eliminate the Family Urgent Response System and Rejects the Governor's May Revision proposal to eliminate the Public Health Nurse Early Intervention Program in Los Angeles County among other things.”The overview of the floor report states, "The Speaker of the Assembly, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and the Assembly and Senate Budget Committee Chairs announced a legislative agreement on the 2020-21 state budget on June 3, 2020. This sets the stage for legislative negotiations on the budget with the Governor and his administration. The Legislature will meet the June 15 deadline to pass a balanced budget bill.""It is the responsibility of the state to ensure that children who depend on child welfare and foster care youth programs can do so confidently and without fear of abandonment, especially during these uncertain times. I have been a longtime advocate for youth, and I strongly believe that the state funding provided to these programs cannot be compromised. As budget negotiations continue, I urge the Governor's office not to balance the budget on the backs of children who need our help," Assemblymember Brian Maienschein told 10News.County of San Diego Health and Human Services representatives said the agency is monitoring the budget process, what is submitted and what the governor will sign. 6490

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - It is officially Wildfire Preparedness Week in California and federal, state, and local agencies are working together to ensure a safe wildfire season.California’s wet winter created overgrown vegetation across the state, including in San Diego, and once that starts drying up and dying, things could get dangerous.The message is clear: California wildfires have changed and the public needs to adapt.“Our firefighters have been preparing non-stop for the inevitable fires that will happen this year. However, preparation involved all levels of the community, from first responders to the general public,” said Chief Thom Porter, Cal Fire Director.RELATED: Team 10: A closer look at San Diego brush clearance citationsPorter said the public must prepare. Homeowners should create defensible space around their property and families should always have go bags and an evacuation plan prepared.Cal Fire’s Ready for Wildfire app is free to download and offers preparation tools year-round. Homeowners can find checklists on the app and create evacuation plans as well. San Diego County is also preparing. At a news conference Friday, Supervisor Dianne Jacob said the county is taking extra steps to protect homes here locally.“Working with Cal Fire, the county is preparing to launch a grant program to encourage existing homeowners in high risk areas to install safer walls, vents, and other fire resistant materials to their homes,” said Jacob.RELATED: It's wildfire season! Here's how to prepare for the worst2018's West Fire in San Diego County destroyed many homes and displaced families. Other fires in California killed dozens of people and leveled entire neighborhoods.“The last couple of years have been really challenging and last year in particular way too many people being killed by wildfire and injured,” said Porter. “We need to be ready, we need to be set, and we need to go."Wildfire Preparedness Week gives California residents a chance to reduce the number of wildfires by increasing public preparedness and safety through education. 2075

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - In recent weeks colorful bikes have filled the streets of San Diego. Dockless bike ridesharing companies were ready to go once the City Attorney's Office said they could operate. The city says LimeBike, Ofo, Mobike and Bird Scooter all have the proper licenses to operate here.LimeBike says in just two weeks they've logged 30,000 rides.The San Diego Bike Coalition supports the companies and believes the accessibility and affordability will help the city in its climate action plan. However, some residents have major concerns with the bikes, reporting that they're being left in the middle of sidewalks and on people's property. They've also witnessed scooter riders not wearing a helmet and people riding where they're not supposed to.Zack Bartlett, the general manager for LimeBike in San Diego, says they have an operations team patrolling the city 24/7 to run safety checks and reposition bikes improperly parked. He says they've invested heavily in education, safety and parking campaigns to help everyone enjoy the bikes and scooters responsibly.One of the safety videos can be viewed here.San Diego Police say because the dockless bikes and scooters are so new they don't have a way to track citations issued to individuals riding them or parking them improperly.  1316