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WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.
BEIJING, Nov. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists in Canada have raised a prospect of reversing Alzheimer's disease by deep brain stimulation, according to media reports Monday.The technique here is known as deep brain stimulation -- applying electricity directly to regions of the brain. It has been used in tens of thousands of patients with Parkinson's as well as having an emerging role in Tourette's Syndrome and depression.The study at the University of Toronto took six patients with the condition. Deep brain stimulation was applied to the fornix -- a part of the brain which passes messages onto the hippocampus.Lead researcher Prof Andres Lozano said you would expect the hippocampus to shrink by five per cent on average in a year in patients with Alzheimer's.After 12 months of stimulation, he said one patient had a five per cent increase and another had an eight per cent increase.Prof Lozano told BBC: "This is the first time that brain stimulation in a human being has been shown to grow an area of your brain.""It was an amazing finding for us," he said.The findings were presented at the Society for Neuroscience conference in November but they have yet to be published in an academic journal.To test whether this is really working, rather than being a fluke result, the researchers are going to perform a larger trial.

SINGAPORE, Oct. 10 (Xinhua) -- A Singapore start-up firm has devised an innovative application to allow phone users to have access to their positioning information within buildings, where traditional global positioning system has often proved inaccurate, local daily Business Times reported on Monday.The firm YFind Positioning System feels that the application can help turn Singapore into the world's first location- intelligent city.Ting See Ho, co-founder of the firm, said the application works by first verifying the GPS coordinates to identify the building the user is in, and then collecting RSSI (received signal strength information) readings off WiFi access points within the building.The information is then sent by the phone to the central positioning server for comparison against records of the radio map of the building, which is calibrated earlier by the company.Ting said the RSSI readings continually fluctuates, making it difficult to estimate a position. This is where YFind Positioning System steps in with its patent-pending probabilistic algorithms to help accurately estimated the user's indoor positions.Once the phone application determines the location, then, it is able to map a course for a shop or other destination within the building where the user wants to go."You can think of it as creating an 'indoor GPS' environment in the buildings where satellite signals cannot be read," Ting said.He said that more than ten organizations in Singapore have approached the company to discuss deployment and partnerships and that it has begun work on three proof-of-concepts.The company's immediate goal is to make Singapore the world's first location-intelligent city before going to other cities, he said.
BALI, Indonesia, Nov. 19 (Xinhua) -- Leaders of China, Japan and South Korea met here Saturday to exchange views on trilateral cooperation and regional and international issues of common concern.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda and South Korean President Lee Myung-bak were meeting on the occasion of a series of meetings for East and Southeast Asian leaders in this Indonesian resort city on Friday and Saturday.Speaking at the meeting, Wen said the cooperation between the three nations currently had good momentum, which was not only in line with the interests of the three sides but also contributed to the stability and development of the Asia and the world.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (L), Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda (C) and Republic of Korea (ROK) President Lee Myung-Bak pose for photos during the Trilateral Summit Meeting for leaders of the three nations in Bali, Indonesia, Nov. 19, 2011.As the coordinator of next year's China-Japan-South Korea cooperation, China would like to further enhance high-level exchanges, policy coordination and strategic trust between the three countries, providing political impetus and promoting more advancement in trilateral cooperation, Wen said.He said next year marked the 40th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, and the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea.In the meeting, Wen proposed the joint research into a free trade area between the three countries be completed this year, and negotiations start in 2012.Wen also suggested enhancing trilateral cooperation in the fields of transportation, finance and environmental protection, among many others.Also speaking at the meeting, the Japanese prime minister and the South Korean president said the cooperation between the three nations had seen remarkable achievement and its prospects were promising.The three sides should continue to deepen their exchanges and cooperation in various fields including economy and trade, finance, investment, disaster relief, culture, education and tourism, and strengthen the coordination in regional and international issues to promote common development, according to them.During the meeting, the three leaders also exchanged views on other regional and international issues of common concern.
SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 4 (Xinhua) -- Apple Inc. on Tuesday unveils iPhone 4S, the much-anticipated latest generation of iPhone.At the event held at Apple headquarters in Cupertino, California, U.S., newly installed Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook took stage to give a general introduction of Apple's products, his first product presentation after taking over the reins from Steve Jobs in August.According to Apple, there are several key features that make the new iPhone 4S different from the current iPhone 4. With a 3.5- inch widescreen multitouch display, the new device features dual- core A5 processor, the chip used in the iPad 2, and a higher- resolution eight megapixel camera which can grab 73 percent more light and take a 1080p high-definition video.The battery can support internet use up to six hours on 3G network and nine hours on Wi-Fi, as well as talk time up to eight hours on 3G and 14 hours on 2G. U.S., newly installed Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook takes stage to give a general introduction of Apple's products, Oct. 4, 2011. Apple Inc. on Tuesday unveils iPhone 4S, the much-anticipated latest generation of iPhone.Based on the dual-antenna design of iPhone 4, Apple said that iPhone 4S can intelligently switch back and forth between them to send and receive, improving the reception and throughput on the device. The iPhone 4S is also a world phone, which means both GSM and CDMA network customers can roam internationally on GSM networks on a single phone. It also supports HSPA+, a 4G mobile technology that allows for data transmission speeds up to 42 Mbps.Another important feature is the new voice control called Siri, an intelligent assistant that helps users get things done just by asking questions, such as call people, reminders, compose and dictate email, weather, stocks, search web and etc..For example, Siri understands users who are looking for a weather forecast when they ask questions like "Do I need an umbrella today," "What's the upcoming forecast," and "Is the weather going to get worse today."The iPhone 4S will run the latest version of Apple's mobile operating system iOS 5, which will be available as free update next Wednesday. The new iOS 5 has more than 200 new features, such as a deep Twitter integration, Notification Center and iMessage, a new messaging service.The latest smartphone also comes with the launch of iCloud, Apple's cloud computing service which automatically and wirelessly store users' content and push it to all Apple devices from mobile devices and music players to desktops and notebooks. Apple will launch iCloud next Wednesday."iPhone 4S plus iOS 5 plus iCloud is a breakthrough combination that makes the iPhone 4S the best iPhone ever," said Philip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing. "While our competitors try to imitate iPhone with a checklist of features, only iPhone can deliver these breakthrough innovations that work seamlessly together," said Schiller, who led the iPhone 4S introduction at the Tuesday's event.The new iPhone 4S will start at 199 U.S. dollars with a storage capacity of 16 GB and 399 dollars for the 64 GB model. The pre- orders begin on Friday and the phone will ship next Friday. Apple said that iPhone will be in 70 countries and regions, on 100 carriers when the roll out is done. In the United States, along with AT&T and Verizon, iPhone 4S will also come to Sprint, the third-largest mobile-phone carrier in the country.
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