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The first experimental COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. is on track to begin a huge study next month to prove if it really can fend off the coronavirus, while hard-hit Brazil is testing a different shot from China.Where to do crucial, late-stage testing and how many volunteers are needed to roll up their sleeves are big worries for health officials as the virus spread starts tapering off in parts of the world.Moderna Inc. said Thursday the vaccine it is developing with the National Institutes of Health will be tested in 30,000 people in the U.S. Some will get the real shot and some a dummy shot, as scientists carefully compare which group winds up with the most infections.With far fewer COVID-19 cases in China, Sinovac Biotech turned to Brazil, the epicenter of Latin America’s outbreak, for at least part of its final testing. The government of S?o Paulo announced Thursday that Sinovac will ship enough of its experimental vaccine to test in 9,000 Brazilians starting next month.If it works, “with this vaccine we will be able to immunize millions of Brazilians,” said S?o Paulo′s Gov. Joao Doria.Worldwide, about a dozen COVID-19 potential vaccines are in early stages of testing. The NIH expects to help several additional shots move into those final, large-scale studies this summer, including one made by Oxford University that’s also being tested in a few thousand volunteers in Brazil.There’s no guarantee any of the experimental shots will pan out.But if all goes well, “there will be potential to get answers” on which vaccines work by the end of the year, Dr. John Mascola, who directs NIH’s vaccine research center, told a meeting of the National Academy of Medicine on Wednesday.Vaccines train the body to recognize a virus and fight back, and specialists say it’s vital to test shots made in different ways — to increase the odds that at least one kind will work.Sinovac’s vaccine is made by growing the coronavirus in a lab and then killing it. So-called “whole inactivated” vaccines are tried-and-true, used for decades to make shots against polio, flu and other diseases — giving the body a sneak peek at the germ itself — but growing the virus is difficult and requires lab precautions.The vaccine made by the NIH and Moderna contains no actual virus. Those shots contain the genetic code for the aptly named “spike” protein that coats the surface of the coronavirus. The body’s cells use that code to make some harmless spike protein that the immune system reacts to, ready if it later encounters the real thing. The so-called mRNA vaccine is easier to make, but it’s a new and unproven technology.Neither company has yet published results of how their shots fared in smaller, earlier-stage studies, designed to check for serious side effects and how well people’s immune systems respond to different doses.Even before proof that any potential vaccine will work, companies and governments are beginning to stockpile millions of doses so they can be ready to start vaccinating as soon as answers arrive.In the U.S., a program called “Operation Warp Speed” aims to have 300 million doses on hand by January. Under Brazil’s agreement with Sinovac, the Instituto Butantan will learn to produce the Chinese shot.___AP journalist Marcelo Silva de Sousa contributed to this report.___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 3499

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is now publicly acknowledging people can be infected with the coronavirus through airborne transmission, especially in enclosed spaces with inadequate ventilation.The update embraces growing evidence and international research showing the coronavirus can linger in the air longer - for minutes and hours - and travel farther than six feet.The update comes two weeks after the official CDC website was updated to reflect this, only to be removed a few days later with the agency saying it was “posted in error” before it was fully reviewed.The draft language seemed to imply aerosol or airborne transmission was the main way the coronavirus spreads, and the CDC says that is not the case.“Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19,” the CDC states.Their added section is titled “COVID-19 can sometimes be spread by airborne transmission,” and includes information about smaller particles lingering in the air after an infected person had left the space. "Some infections can be spread by exposure to virus in small droplets and particles that can linger in the air for minutes to hours," it reads.“There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away. These transmissions occurred within enclosed spaces that had inadequate ventilation. Sometimes the infected person was breathing heavily, for example while singing or exercising,” the new section on the CDC’s website reads. “These transmissions occurred within enclosed spaces that had inadequate ventilation.”The World Health Organization changed their guidance in July and noted the prevalence of airborne transmission of coronavirus and particles lingering in the air. Hundreds of scientists encouraged the WHO to make the acknowledgement following research and studies. 1943

The Department of Justice issued a warning to the public not to fall for cards bearing the DOJ logo claiming exemption from state mask requirements amid the spread of COVID-19.“Inaccurate flyers or other postings have been circulating on the web and via social media channels regarding the use of face masks and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic,” the Department of Justice said. “Many of these notices included use of the Department of Justice seal and ADA phone number.”According to the Department of Justice, the ADA does not provide a blanket exemption to people with disabilities from complying with legitimate safety requirements necessary for safe operations.According to CDC guidance, only children under age 2, or anyone who has trouble breathing, is unconscious, incapacitated or otherwise unable to remove the mask without assistance are encouraged not to wear face coverings.This reminds me of when my friend and I got fake IDs in Times Square that just said “ID Card” and looked like someone had made them with a home laminator. pic.twitter.com/2a393OFkIs— The Hoarse Whisperer (@HoarseWisperer) June 25, 2020 1168

The divisive presidential election found students at Westminster High School in Maryland split over a controversial poster that some saw as a symbol of hope. Others viewed it as a knock on Donald Trump. But other symbols like the Confederate flag also sparked unrest at the school."Actually, we had a bunch of people having flags connected to their trucks.  People wearing it all the time,” said Jakob Hill, a 2017 graduate, “It was actually surprising to see it, but it was in the schools. I have a bunch of friends that are still in Westminster and they still see it."But starting today, they won't see it anymore.Superintendent of Schools Stephen Guthrie says both the rebel flag and the Nazi swastika are now banned anywhere on school property."While we were getting complaints from students who were not only offended. It goes much deeper than offense,” Guthrie said. “They really were losing the ability to do their work. This represented hatred to them. They thought it advocated violence. So we went through a process with our attorneys and legally to determine if we could make decisions that would limit that dress."Guthrie points to the move to remove Confederate statues from public lands and the rally that turned deadly in Virginia as evidence the change was needed."We have the Charlottesville issue with the swastika and the Confederate battle flag were side by side with acts of violence and hatred and intolerance, and so we saw this change happening around us," Guthrie said.It is a bid to prevent symbols of hate that can lead to violence."You never know who you're going to offend and it's just safe if you try not to wear them," Melanie Morel of Westminster said.Violence has already erupted among students inside the schools when symbols divide them."We had a couple of fights last year about it actually,” said Hill, “People using racist terms and all that and people taking it under a different context."The superintendent says when students violate the dress code his hope is to make it a teachable moment, rather than a punitive one, in hopes of bringing students closer together. 2160

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued its first guidelines for celebrating Halloween amid the COVID-19 pandemic.The CDC has listed a number of ways to celebrate the holiday and categorized them as low, moderate or high-risk activities."High risk" Halloween activities:Traditional trick-or-treatingCrowded indoor costume partiesIndoor haunted housesHayrides or tractor rides with people not in a family or who don't live together"Moderate risk" Halloween activities:One-way trick-or-treating, with bags lined up for families outdoors, and social distance maintainedCostume parties outdoors where people can remain six feet apartOpen-air, one-way, walk-through haunted forest visitsVisiting pumpkin patches or going apple picking, while maintaining social distancing, wearing masks, and using hand sanitizer"Low-risk" Halloween activities:Carving and decorating pumpkins with the family or members of a householdDecorating a house, apartment or living spaceHaving a virtual Halloween costume contestHaving a family or household Halloween movie nightFor a look at the full guidelines, visit the CDC website here.This story was originally published by Katie Morse on WKBW in Buffalo, New York. 1223

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