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WASHINGTON, Oct. 6 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced Thursday a joint, large-scale, national study of tobacco users to monitor and assess the behavioral and health impacts of new government tobacco regulations.The initiative is the first large-scale NIH/FDA collaboration on tobacco regulatory research since the U.S. Congress granted FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products in an act in 2009. Scientists at NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse and the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products will coordinate the effort."The launch of this study signals a major milestone in addressing one of the most significant public health burdens of the 21st century," said FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg in a statement. "The results will strengthen FDA's ability to fulfill our mission to make tobacco-related death and disease part of America's past and will further guide us in targeting the most effective actions to decrease the huge toll of tobacco use on our nation's health."Investigators will follow more than 40,000 users of tobacco- product and those at risk for tobacco use ages 12 and older. They will examine what makes people susceptible to tobacco use; evaluate use patterns and resulting health problems; study patterns of tobacco cessation and relapse in the era of tobacco regulation; evaluate the effects of regulatory changes on risk perceptions and other tobacco-related attitudes; and assess differences in attitudes, behaviors and key health outcomes in racial-ethnic, gender, and age subgroups."We are pleased to collaborate with the FDA on this study that may provide us with a better understanding of the impact of product regulation on tobacco prevention and cessation," said NIH Director Francis Collins.While smoking rates have dropped significantly since their peak in the 1960s, nearly 70 million Americans ages 12 and older were current users of tobacco products in 2010. As a result, death and disease caused by tobacco use is still a tremendous public health burden. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Cigarette smoking results in more than 443,000 premature deaths in the United States each year -- more than alcohol, illegal drug use, homicide, suicide, car accidents, and AIDS combined.

BEIJING, Nov. 28 (Xinhuanet) -- Scientists in Canada have raised a prospect of reversing Alzheimer's disease by deep brain stimulation, according to media reports Monday.The technique here is known as deep brain stimulation -- applying electricity directly to regions of the brain. It has been used in tens of thousands of patients with Parkinson's as well as having an emerging role in Tourette's Syndrome and depression.The study at the University of Toronto took six patients with the condition. Deep brain stimulation was applied to the fornix -- a part of the brain which passes messages onto the hippocampus.Lead researcher Prof Andres Lozano said you would expect the hippocampus to shrink by five per cent on average in a year in patients with Alzheimer's.After 12 months of stimulation, he said one patient had a five per cent increase and another had an eight per cent increase.Prof Lozano told BBC: "This is the first time that brain stimulation in a human being has been shown to grow an area of your brain.""It was an amazing finding for us," he said.The findings were presented at the Society for Neuroscience conference in November but they have yet to be published in an academic journal.To test whether this is really working, rather than being a fluke result, the researchers are going to perform a larger trial.

NEW YORK, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced on Thursday a new recommendation that doctors offer every person with an HIV diagnosis antiretroviral treatment to help them live longer and prevent transmission.This marks a change from the current practice that treatment only be offered to those who show signs of damage to their immune systems, said the mayor during the annual World AIDS Day commemorative ceremony at Gracie Mansion. "Over the past ten years HIV diagnoses and deaths in New York City have seen a dramatic decline," said Mayor Bloomberg. "Steady progress in our fight against HIV has turned what used to be a death sentence into a disease that can be prevented and, with antiretroviral therapy, managed.The annual death toll from HIV in the city is down by more than a third: 933 deaths in 2009Despite this progress, however, more than 110,000 people in New York City are infected with HIV, more than in any other U.S. city and about 75 percent of all cases in the New York State.Figures from the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) showed that HHC has tested more than one million New Yorkers for HIV since 2005 when the public hospitals and health centers began offering HIV screening as a routine part of medical care for patients aged 13 to 64.

LAS VEGAS, the United States, Jan. 12 (Xinhua) -- NVIDIA, the computer chip manufacturer best known for its high performance graphics processors, is looking to make further inroads with the automobile industry by integrating its new Tegra 3 mobile processors in upcoming vehicle models.At the 2012 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES), NVIDIA and Audi announced that all models from the German auto manufacturer in 2013 will use Tegra 3 quad-core processors to power their in-car digital systems.These processors, which are traditionally found in smartphones and tablets, will support the vehicle's digital systems at lower energy rates and also allow for shorter lead times in getting concepts to market.In addition to powering infotainment systems that allow for web browsing and Google Earth integrations, they will also give automakers the ability to replace traditional dashboards with instrument cluster systems, or digital dashboards."By leveraging technology from the very latest smartphones and tablets, Audi is leading the market with innovations that enhance safety and make driving more enjoyable," said Ricky Hudi, the company's chief executive engineer, at Audi's official conference at CES.For Audi, this means that they will be able to offer cars like the next-generation A3 model beginning in 2013, which features an integrated touchpad system and mounted monitor with the ability to render 3D imaging. Current 2012 Audi vehicles house the Tegra 2 processor."It's a natural progression with people getting so accustomed to mobile and expecting it from your automobiles as well. Partnering really closely with automotive OEMs enable us to help them realize the driver experience they're looking to deliver," said Phillip Hughes, NVIDIA's director of automotive sales and business development, in an interview with Xinhua.In addition to Audi, Tesla and Lamborghini will also be including the newest NVIDIA Tegra 3 processor in upcoming models. At this year's CES, Lamborghini is showcasing the Lamborghini Aventador, a nearly 700 horsepower vehicle with the capability of going from 0 to 60 miles per mile in less than five seconds."NVIDIA technology is enabling us to do more with our vehicles and gives our cars the ability to have the technology you'd expect from a car like this," said Kelly Snyder, an event manager with Lamborghini, to Xinhua. The retail price point for the Lamborghini Aventador starts at 382,000 U.S. dollars.More than just powering the car's digital experiences, however, integrating NVIDIA's processors will help the auto manufacturer build better cars by reducing the power to weight ratio that is a key consideration in manufacturing higher performing cars."By moving elements like the odometer to a digital dashboard platform, it reduces the power to weight ratio that is so critical to the design and manufacturing of automobiles like the Lamborghini," explained Snyder.NVIDIA also expects that the integration of these processors will bring the development cycle of the automotive industry up to speed with the consumer electronics industry through Virtual Computing Modules (VCMs) powered by the Tegra 3. These VCMs allow auto manufacturers to quickly prototype and ship consumer technology innovations to automobiles, reducing a development lifecycle that once took seven years, to roughly a year."At the end of the day, our goal is to help automotive OEMs bridge the gap between OEM and consumer technology," said Hughes.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- A new study suggests that the rate of global warming from doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be less than the most dire estimates of some previous studies.Authors of the study, which was funded by the National Science Foundation and published online on Thursday in the journal Science, say that global warming is real and that increases in atmospheric CO2 will have multiple serious impacts. However, the most Draconian projections of temperature increases from the doubling of CO2 are unlikely."Many previous climate sensitivity studies have looked at the past only from 1850 through today, and not fully integrated paleoclimate date, especially on a global scale," said Andreas Schmittner, an Oregon State University researcher and lead author on the Science article. "When you reconstruct sea and land surface temperatures from the peak of the last Ice Age 21,000 years ago -- which is referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum -- and compare it with climate model simulations of that period, you get a much different picture.""If these paleoclimatic constraints apply to the future, as predicted by our model, the results imply less probability of extreme climatic change than previously thought," Schmittner added.Scientists have struggled for years trying to quantify "climate sensitivity" -- which is how the Earth will respond to projected increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The 2007 IPCC report estimated that the air near the surface of the Earth would warm on average by two to 4.5 degrees (Celsius) with a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from preindustrial standards. The mean, or " expected value" increase in the IPCC estimates was 3.0 degrees; most climate model studies use the doubling of CO2 as a basic index.The researchers based their study on ice age land and ocean surface temperature obtained by examining ices cores, bore holes, seafloor sediments and other factors. When they first looked at the paleoclimatic data, the researchers only found very small differences in ocean temperatures then compared to now."Our study implies that we still have time to prevent that from happening, if we make a concerted effort to change course soon," said Schmittner.

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