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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

DAVOS, Switzerland, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) -- A policy of more trade and greater openness to the rest of the world has brought significant benefits to China and greater market opportunities to its trading partners, the head of the World Trade Organization says."I don't think there is any question that China joining the WTO has been a very good thing for China and for the WTO and its members," WTO Director General Pascal Lamy said in an interview with Xinhua.The WTO chief was expected to join the forum "China's Impact on Global Trade and Growth" on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum annual meeting held in this Swiss alpine town."In joining the WTO, China successfully underpinned a policy of what had been 20 years of progressive openness," Lamy said.Adherence to economic reforms through international commitments ensured that China would stay on the path of openness, he noted, adding that the policy has helped the country economically, politically and socially.Lamy stressed that China has done a "remarkable job" in reducing poverty, which is an important task for the country, along with registering double-digit growth, thus becoming the world's largest manufacturer and the second largest economy.Apart from enhanced market access with its trading partners and more equal treatment in global trade, WTO membership also has allowed China to gain access to the organization's dispute settlement system, Lamy said.According to a WTO report issued in December, as the world's biggest exporter, China ranks first in receiving anti-dumping (AD) investigations, with 23 new AD initiations directed at its exports in the first half of 2010.In recent rulings arbitrated by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), China has won a poultry dispute against the United States, and a steel fastener case against the European Union.Being a WTO member, "China would have a seat at the table as negotiations commenced on the trade rules for the 21st century," Lamy said, referring to the decade-long Doha round of global trade negotiations aimed at building the next generation trading system.Even more importantly, for China, participation in the global system of rules and discipline greatly boosted investors' confidence and helped facilitate foreign direct investment in China, he said.On the other side of the coin, China's integration into the world trading system has given enormous driving force to the global economy and market opportunity to its trade partners.

BEIJING, Jan. 31 (Xinhua) -- China's Ministry of Finance (MOF) said Monday it had allocated 28.23 billion yuan (4.27 billion U.S. dollars) to assure retired enterprise employees receive their pensions before the arrival of the Spring Festival.The State Council, or the Cabinet, decided at an executive meeting last December to raise the retired enterprise employees' pension about 10 percent from 2010 levels, or about 140 yuan per person per month in 2011.The MOF also said local governments had issued 10.24 billion yuan of festival subsidies to 85.97 million people.The Spring Festival, the Chinese lunar New Year is a time for family reunions in China. It falls on Feb. 3 this year.

BEIJING, Jan. 30 (Xinhua) -- A total of 248 people were arrested in China last year for involvement in food safety cases, food safety authorities said Sunday.The country dealt with 130,000 cases involving food safety last year, including 115 criminal cases, according to a statement of the National Food Safety Regulating Work Office.The cases touched upon such areas as production of edible agricultural produce, food production, food circulation, catering services and food exports and imports,"No major incident occurred last year, and the overall food safety situation maintained stable," said the statement.Last year also saw a nationwide crackdown on "gutter oil", usually made from discarded kitchen waste that has been refined, after media reports that it was commonly used by small restaurants.Since July when the State Council, or Cabinet, ordered the eradication of "gutter oil", 165.7 tons of edible oil has been confirmed to have been disqualified and produced by unknown sources.Chinese authorities since July last year have also cracked down on the use of undisposed tainted milk powder produced before the melamine scandal of 2008.About 2,132 tonnes of melamine-tainted milk powder was seized in the latest crackdown, the statement said.A total of 191 officials were punished for failing to do their duty in food safety enforcement, with 26 of them fired, it said.In July last year, Dongyuan milk powder, produced in west China's Qinghai Province, was found to contain excessive levels of melamine, a toxic chemical normally used in the manufacturing of plastics, which triggered the nationwide crackdown.It is the latest blitz on tainted milk products since 2008 when melamine-tainted milk powder killed at least six infants and sickened 300,000 children across the country.

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