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LOS ANGELES, July 3 (Xinhua) -- Warming of the ocean's subsurface layers will melt underwater portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets faster than previously thought, increasing the sea level more than already projected, a new study suggests.The subsurface ocean layers surrounding the polar ice sheets will warm substantially as global warming progresses, according to the study led by researchers from the University of Arizona (UA).In addition to being exposed to warming air, underwater portions of the polar ice sheets and glaciers will be bathed in warming seawater, said the study appearing on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Sunday.The research, based on 19 state-of-the-art climate models, proposes a new mechanism by which global warming will accelerate the melting of the great ice sheets during this century and the next."To my knowledge, this study is the first to quantify and compare future ocean warming around the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets using an ensemble of models," said lead author Jianjun Yin, a UA assistant professor of geosciences.According to the study, the subsurface ocean along the Greenland coast could increase as much as 3.6 F (2 C) by 2100.Most previous research has focused on how increases in atmospheric temperatures would affect the ice sheets, he said."Ocean warming is very important compared to atmospheric warming because water has a much larger heat capacity than air," Yin said. "If you put an ice cube in a warm room, it will melt in several hours. But if you put an ice cube in a cup of warm water, it will disappear in just minutes."Given a mid-level increase in greenhouse gases, the researchers found the ocean layer about 650 to 1,650 feet (200 to 500 meters) below the surface would warm, on average, about 1.8 F (1 C) by 2100. Along the Greenland coast, that layer would warm twice as much, but along Antarctica would warm less, only 0.9 F (0.5 C)."No one has noticed this discrepancy before -- that the subsurface oceans surrounding Greenland and Antarctica warm very differently," Yin said.Part of the warming in the North comes from the Gulf Stream carrying warm subtropical waters north. By contrast, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current blocks some of the subtropical warmth from entering the Antarctic's coastal waters.Even so, the Antarctic ice sheet will be bathed in warming waters, according to the study.This paper adds to the evidence that sea level would rise by the end of this century by around one meter and a good deal more in succeeding centuries, the study noted.The study, "Different Magnitudes of Projected Subsurface Ocean Warming Around Greenland and Antarctica," is scheduled for the upcoming edition of Nature Geoscience later this month.

WASHINGTON, June 23 (Xinhua) -- NASA's next Mars rover has completed the journey from its California birthplace to Florida in preparation for launch this fall, the U.S. space agency said Thursday in a statement.The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, also known as Curiosity, arrived Wednesday at NASA's Kennedy Space Center aboard an Air Force C-17 transport plane. It was accompanied by the rocket-powered descent stage that will fly the rover during the final moments before landing on Mars.The rover's aeroshell -- the protective covering for the trip to the Red Planet -- and the cruise stage, which will guide it to Mars, arrived at Kennedy last month. The mission is targeted to launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station between Nov. 25 and Dec. 18. The car-size rover will land on Mars in August 2012.The rover and other spacecraft components will undergo more testing before mission staff stack them and fuel the onboard propulsion systems. Curiosity should be enclosed in its aeroshell for the final time in September and delivered to Kennedy's Launch Complex 41 in early November for integration with a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket.Curiosity is about twice as long and more than five times as heavy as any previous Mars rover. Its 10 science instruments include two for ingesting and analyzing samples of powdered rock delivered by the rover's robotic arm. During a prime mission lasting one Martian year -- nearly two Earth years -- researchers will use the rover's tools to study whether the landing region has had environmental conditions favorable for supporting microbial life and favorable for preserving clues about whether life existed.

LOS ANGELES, July 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA's Juno spacecraft is 30 days away before its first launch window opens, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday."One month from today, our first launch window opens at 11:34 a. m. EDT (8:34 a.m. PDT) and lasts 69 minutes," said Jan Chodas, Juno project manager from NASA's JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles."Our primary launch period is 22 days long, and so if weather or other issues come up on Aug. 5, we have 21 more days to get Juno flying. Once we get Juno into space, it's a five-year cruise to Jupiter.""The launch window is the length of time allotted every day for an attempt to launch the spacecraft," said Chodas. "The launch period is the period of time in days when everything is in the right place to get your mission off to the right start."For a mission like Juno, getting everything in the right place includes considering the size of the rocket and spacecraft, where our home planet -- and in particular Juno's launch pad -- is pointed at any moment, and its location in space relative to other celestial objects like Juno's final target, Jupiter.Juno is scheduled to launch aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from pad 41-C at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.The solar-powered spacecraft will orbit Jupiter's poles 33 times to find out more about the gas giant's origins, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere and investigate the existence of a solid planetary core.JPL manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alaska. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, built the spacecraft.

LOS ANGELES, June 29 (Xinhua) -- The war on cloud intensified as Microsoft Office announced its decision on Tuesday to go cloud in an attempt to compete with its immediate but not last competitor, Google Docs.Microsoft holds a virtual monopoly on office productivity software. Most computer users in the world use the Office software for word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and other purposes. However, Microsoft Office faces a strong enemy -- Google Docs, which provides cloud service, that means users do not have to purchase any software to be installed on their computers. If they go online, they can start use the application, and they do not need to worry about their files, because the files also go with the cloud, and users can get access to their files at anytime, anywhere.The cloud-based Office 365 is designed for the mobile age when people go with their software and documents.The actual features and functionality of the tools have a lot of bearing on which productivity suite users choose. The Word Web App is more visually appealing and polished than its Google counterpart, but overall the two seem roughly equivalent in features.When tested on a sample presentation in both the PowerPoint Web App and Google Docs Presentation, the PowerPoint Web App immediately presented with a diverse selection of attractive themes to choose from, but Google defaulted to plain black text on a plain white background.On slide and image, in Google Presentations, the image filled the whole slide but the PowerPoint Web App was smart enough to size the image automatically.When push comes to shove, the features of the Office Web Apps in Office 365 are pretty much the same as what Google Docs has to offer. However, Microsoft makes key features easier to get to, and works more intuitively. For users already familiar with Microsoft Office, the Office Web Apps version is easy to use.Both Office 365 and Google Docs are Web-based platforms, and they will work from any Web browser. Google Docs excels in the Chrome browser while Microsoft Office 365 works best in Internet Explorer. It makes sense that each would make sure that their online productivity tools are optimized for performance and functionality in their own browser.Collaboration in real time is the primary selling point of Google Docs, which can be shared with any other Google account. The users who share a file can all access and work with it simultaneously. Each user is assigned a unique color so users can easily identify who is making changes to what.But in the price war, Microsoft can not beat Google Docs. Office 365 starts at six dollars per user per month for the Professional and Small Business plan. The Medium Business and Enterprise plans range from 10 to 27 dollars per user per month. But the Google Docs is free.Microsoft also faces a challenge on how to go cloud while still keep the computer-based Office software.Statistics showed that nearly nine of every 10 office computers runs one of the 14 versions of Office the company has released since the software's launch in 1989. The company now needs to convince those computer users, estimated at about one billion, to switch to Office in the cloud without disrupting the legacy version that is financing the transition.The growing cloud market is profitable. The International Data Corp. projected the market for cloud-computing services and software is expected to grow more than 27 percent annually over the next five years and reach 73 billion dollars by 2015.It is estimated that by 2015 one of every seven dollars spent on technology will be connected with cloud computing and the winners of the cloud platform wars will likely be the new power brokers of the IT industry.It is reported that Salesforce.com has added a communication technology called Chatter to its service to allow clients to communicate within its sales management cloud service. Amazon's Elastic Cloud has attracted enterprise customers because of its ability to scale up capacity to match peaks in client demand.By 2015, it is estimated that software-oriented cloud services will account for roughly three-quarters of all spending on public cloud services. Enditem

BEIJING, July 5 (Xinhuanet) -- A new study showed that environmental factors may play a larger role in the development of autism than previously recognized, according to media reports on Tuesday.The new study in the Archives of General Psychiatry looked at 192 pairs of twins in California. It found autism was surprisingly common in fraternal twins, despite the fact that they don’t share as many of the same genes as identical twins, suggesting that something in their mutual life circumstances may be playing at least as strong a role as genetics.The study, which will likely be followed up with similar studies of twins and other siblings, could  force a dramatic swing in the focus of research into the developmental disorder.“It looks like some shared environmental factors play a role in autism, and the study really points toward factors that are early in life that affect the development of the child,” said study researcher Joachim Hallmayer, MD, an associate professor of psychiatry at Stanford University in California.