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WASHINGTON, June 6 (Xinhua) -- Women who have higher levels of the appetite-controlling hormone leptin have fewer symptoms of depression, and this apparent inverse relationship is not related to body mass index (BMI), a new study finds. The results were presented Monday at The Endocrine Society's 93rd Annual Meeting in Boston, the United States."Animal data suggest that leptin may reduce anxiety and improve depression. Our study in women suggests that leptin may indeed have antidepressant qualities," said the study's lead author, Elizabeth Lawson, of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston.Leptin, the product of fat cells, signals satiety, or fullness. It is low in thin women and high in obese women, according to Lawson. She also said there is an increased prevalence of anxiety and depression in certain conditions in which leptin levels are typically low. These include the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, in which there is abnormally low weight and body fat, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, in which women have stopped menstruating despite having normal weight."It is unknown whether low leptin levels contribute to the development of mood disorders in these women," Lawson said.She and her co-workers studied the relationship between leptin levels and symptoms of anxiety and depression in 64 women. Fifteen of the women had anorexia nervosa, 12 were normal weight with hypothalamic amenorrhea, 20 were normal weight and in good health, and 17 were overweight or obese but still healthy.All subjects were asked questions to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, with high scores indicating more symptoms. Besides measuring leptin levels in the blood, the researchers assessed the women's BMI, a measure of weight for height.The relationship between leptin and depression symptoms was independent of BMI. This finding indicates that leptin may mediate symptoms of depression and that this effect is not a function of low weight, Lawson said."Further research administering leptin to humans will be important in understanding whether this hormone has a potential role in the treatment of depression," she said.

BEIJING, Aug. 31 (Xinhuanet) – The pressure of modern society is taking a toll on sexual satisfaction, experts say following the release of an online survey.About 34 percent of people polled in the survey said that they are unsatisfied with their sex lives, with 6.5 percent "very unsatisfied".Another 32 percent condemned their sex lives as "just so-so".The survey interviewed more than 3,000 people, aged between 15 and 55, with men accounting for 74 percent of the interviewees.It was conducted by the China Population Communication Center and the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences from May 1 to June 20. The survey did not give a margin of error.Only 23 percent of respondents said that they are "satisfied" with their sex lives, with 3.6 percent "very satisfied", according to the survey.But women seem to have a higher rate of satisfaction than men, with only 26 percent saying they are unsatisfied. The rate for men is 42 percent.The rate of sexual satisfaction among Chinese people is below the global average of 44 percent, according to an earlier survey by Durex. The 2007 Durex Global Sexual Wellbeing Survey questioned more than 26,000 people in 26 countries about all aspects of their sex lives - including satisfaction levels.Jiang Hui, president-elect of the Chinese Society of Andrology, attributed the lower rate of sexual satisfaction among Chinese people to rapid economic growth, which inevitably increases work and social pressure.Health problems associated with a modern lifestyle, such as diabetes and hypertension, are also to blame, he said.Jiang said his department of andrology used to receive about 10 patients a day 10 years ago. Now the figure has risen to more than 250.Rising awareness of sex and a more open attitude toward the once-taboo topic among the public also contributed to higher sexual expectations, he said.The survey also revealed that about 30 percent of respondents in the 35-55 age group had sex less than once a week."That rate is quite low, compared with the global average of 103 times a year, or 1.98 times a week," said Yang Xiong, who heads the social survey center at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.Only 16.9 percent of respondents said that they had sex more than 10 times a month. Most respondents had sex three to nine times every month.About 8 percent of respondents said that they basically had no sex at all or it was too infrequent to be classified.The survey seemed to find that the more you made, the less you had. Those who earned at least 9,000 yuan (,400) a month had less sex than those who earned less, according to the survey.Among those making more than 9,000 yuan per month, over 70 percent said they had sex less than twice a month, compared with 16.5 percent for those with a monthly salary of less than 6,000 yuan.The survey also found that when people run into problems with their sex lives, 83 percent turn to the Internet, rather than professionals, for help. Less than 6 percent said they would see doctors to solve sex-related problems.Nearly 70 percent of those polled said they suffered from sexual health problems, such as erectile dysfunction (ED)."Many patients, especially men, are reluctant to see a doctor, which they think harms their manhood," Jiang said.According to a study conducted by the Chinese Society of Andrology, at least 40 percent of men aged 40 and above suffered from erectile dysfunction, roughly the global average.But Yang, from the Shanghai academy, noted that surveys conducted online tend to produce far different results than those conducted face-to-face.He expressed reservations about the survey's accuracy and said the public should only use the results for reference.

UNITED NATIONS, June 8 (Xinhua) -- Marking 30 years of the HIV- AIDS pandemic, scores of heads of state and government and ministers took to the UN General Assembly podium on Wednesday to list their country's accomplishments and list challenges in the battle.The General Assembly High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and also marks five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN member states committed to moving towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon UN recalled how three decades ago AIDS was spreading while "Today, we have a chance to end this epidemic once and for all."Now, instead of fear, there is hope, he said."Today, HIV is on a steep decline in some of the most affected countries. Countries like Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe," he said. "They had the largest epidemics in the world, and they have cut infection rates by one quarter.""Globally, more than 6 million people now get treatment," Ban said. "All of these advances come thanks to you and the commitments you made, first 10 years ago and then again in 2006. Today, the challenge has changed. Today, we gather to end AIDS."However, President Joseph Deiss of the General Assembly said 10 million people still have no access to treatment and far too many people were still being infected, adding it was necessary to continue complementary and closely-linked prevention, treatment, care and support measures."We have reached a critical moment in time," he said. "We must take a holistic approach and integrate the response to AIDS into broader development programs."Michel Sidibe, executive director of the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), recalled how 30 years the disease was called the gay plague and slime disease. People were afraid of each other and there was no hope."This image should not disappear. It is part of our history," he said.Sidibe said the AIDS movement was the story of a people breaking the conspiracy of silence, demanding equity and dignity, confronting societies'wrongs, seizing their rights, and making a passionate call for social justice. Since then, a compact had been made between the global North and the South, which had produced lifesaving results.Now, More than 6.6 million people are being treated in low- and middle- income countries, he said, pointing out that since the initial success stories in Uganda and Thailand 56 countries, including 36 in Africa, have been able to stabilize the epidemic and reduce the number of infections significantly.Infections have been reduced by 35 percent in South Africa and by more than half in India, the UNAIDS chief said. In China, the HIV mortality rate had fallen by 64 percent, Sidibe said. Many other countries had reached universal access to treatment.He voiced what was repeated several times, and that was a call for "a transformational agenda" of "zero infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths."To put a personal face on the disease, a woman from Ukraine openly living with HIV, Tetyana Afansiadi, told her story to the delegates.She told how she had been living with HIV and using drugs for 13 years, had hepatitis C for almost 11 years but now has a husband and an 8-year-old son. Neither have HIV.Three years ago she took part in a drug therapy program that has enabled her to live, work, and take care of her son."Drug dependency and HIV-infection require treatment, not prosecution," she said.Given that opioid substitution therapy in her home city had changed the lives of people like her, it was time to stop refusing antiretroviral treatment to people who used drugs.While the heads of states and government and ministers, usually those heading up health departments, spoke in the General Assembly hall under bright lights, scores more of delegates attended five panel sessions and about 40 individual side events.Some samplings from the spotlighted dark-green podium in the great hall:President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, said, "It is time to galvanize member states to commit to a transformative agenda that overcomes the barriers to an effective, equitable and sustainable response to HIV and AIDS."Jose Angel Cordova Villalobos, health minister of Mexico, called for states to implement friendly, non-discriminatory healthcare systems as well as sex education in order to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS."To achieve this, we call to all the countries congregated here today in order that your actions are based in the framework of respect to the human rights and focusing on gender equity, that allow to consolidate an effective response to the HIV/AIDS without stigmas, discrimination, homophobia, transphobia; as well as any type of violence," he said, referring, in part, to transsexuals.The vice president of Mauritius, Monique Bellepeau, said, "The adverse impact of the AIDS epidemic on the socioeconomic progress, particularly in the developing countries, dictates that there is no time for complacency."She added, "After wrestling with AIDS for the past three decades, we are today equipped with a vast body of knowledge and various new tools to urgently complete the task. No less than strict prevention efforts and universal access to treatment, care and support are required."The speeches continue Thursday and on the final day of the three-day meeting, UN member states are expected to adopt a declaration to guide country responses to HIV over the next five years.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 23 (Xinhua) -- The amount of malware targeted at devices based on Google's Android platform surged 76 percent in the second quarter over the previous three months in 2011, making it the most attacked mobile operating system, computer security firm McAfee said on Tuesday.A new McAfee study found that in the second quarter, Android- based malware surpassed Nokia's Symbian as the most popular target for mobile malware developers.While Symbian and Java ME, a platform designed for mobile devices and other embedded systems, remain the most targeted to date, the rapid rise in Android malware indicates that the platform could become an increasing target for cyber criminals McAfee said.Models pose with the new Samsung Galaxy S Android smartphone during its launch ceremony at the headquarters of Samsung Electronics in Seoul in this June 8, 2010 file photograph.It warned that the attacks on Android platform could affect everything from calendar apps, to text messages, and even a fake Angry Birds updates.According to the study, malware on mobile platforms is increasing steadily, often mimicking the same code as personal computer-based threats, as vast amount of personal and business data are now found on user's smartphones and other mobile devices."This year we've seen record-breaking numbers of malware, especially on mobile devices, where the uptick is in direct correlation to popularity," Vincent Weafer, senior vice president of McAfee Labs, said in a statement."Overall attacks are becoming more stealth and more sophisticated, suggesting that we could see attacks that remain unnoticed for longer periods of time," he noted.

LOS ANGELES, July 22 (Xinhua) -- Two teams of astronomers have discovered the largest and farthest reservoir of water ever detected in the universe, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Friday.The water, equivalent to 140 trillion times all the water in the world's ocean, surrounds a huge, feeding black hole, called a quasar, more than 12 billion light-years away, according to JPL in Pasadena, California."The environment around this quasar is very unique in that it's producing this huge mass of water," said Matt Bradford, a scientist at JPL. "It's another demonstration that water is pervasive throughout the universe, even at the very earliest times. "This artist's concept illustrates a quasar, or feeding black hole, similar to APM 08279+5255, where astronomers discovered huge amounts of water vapor. Gas and dust likely form a torus around the central black hole, with clouds of charged gas above and below. X-rays emerge from the very central region, while thermal infrared radiation is emitted by dust throughout most of the torus. While this figure shows the quasar's torus approximately edge-on, the torus around APM 08279+5255 is likely positioned face-on from our point of view.A quasar is powered by an enormous black hole that steadily consumes a surrounding disk of gas and dust. As it eats, the quasar spews out huge amounts of energy. Both groups of astronomers studied a particular quasar called APM 08279+5255, which harbors a black hole 20 billion times more massive than the sun and produces as much energy as a thousand trillion suns.Astronomers expected water vapor to be present even in the early, distant universe, but had not detected it this far away before. There's water vapor in the Milky Way, although the total amount is 4,000 times less than in the quasar, because most of the Milky Way's water is frozen in ice. Water vapor is an important trace gas that reveals the nature of the quasar. In this particular quasar, the water vapor is distributed around the black hole in a gaseous region spanning hundreds of light-years in size (a light-year is about six trillion miles).Its presence indicates that the quasar is bathing the gas in X- rays and infrared radiation, and that the gas is unusually warm and dense by astronomical standards, JPL said.Although the gas is at a chilly minus 63 degrees Fahrenheit ( minus 53 degrees Celsius) and is 300 trillion times less dense than Earth's atmosphere, it's still five times hotter and 10 to 100 times denser than what's typical in galaxies like the Milky Way, said JPL.Measurements of the water vapor and of other molecules, such as carbon monoxide, suggest there is enough gas to feed the black hole until it grows to about six times its size, JPL said.Whether this will happen is not clear, the astronomers say, since some of the gas may end up condensing into stars or might be ejected from the quasar.Bradford's team made their observations starting in 2008, using an instrument called "Z-Spec" at the California Institute of Technology's (Caltech's) Submillimeter Observatory, a 33-foot (10- meter) telescope near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Follow-up observations were made with the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy (CARMA), an array of radio dishes in the Inyo Mountains of Southern California.The second group, led by Dariusz Lis, senior research associate in physics at Caltech and deputy director of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, used the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in the French Alps to find water. In 2010, Lis's team serendipitously detected water in APM 8279+5255, observing one spectral signature.Bradford's team was able to get more information about the water, including its enormous mass, because they detected several spectral signatures of the water, according to JPL.