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WASHINGTON, June 21 (Xinhua) -- A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and University of California, San Francisco, researchers suggests that men with prostate cancer who smoke increase their risk of prostate cancer recurrence and of dying from the disease. The study will be published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association."In our study, we found similar results for both prostate cancer recurrence and prostate cancer mortality," said Stacey Kenfield, lead author and a research associate in the HSPH Department of Epidemiology. "These data taken together provide further support that smoking may increase risk of prostate cancer progression."Kenfield and her colleagues conducted a prospective observational study of 5,366 men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1986 and 2006 in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. The researchers documented 1,630 deaths, 524 (32 percent) due to prostate cancer, 416 (26 percent) due to cardiovascular disease, and 878 prostate cancer recurrences.The researchers found that men with prostate cancer who were current smokers had a 61 percent increased risk of dying from prostate cancer, and a 61 percent higher risk of recurrence compared with men who never smoked. Smoking was associated with a more aggressive disease at diagnosis, defined as a higher clinical stage or Gleason grade (a measure of prostate cancer severity). However, among men with non-metastatic disease at diagnosis, current smokers had an 80 percent increased risk of dying from prostate cancer.Compared with current smokers, men with prostate cancer who had quit smoking for 10 or more years, or who had quit for less than 10 years but smoked less than 20 pack-years before diagnosis, had prostate cancer mortality risk similar to men who had never smoked. Men who had quit smoking for less than 10 years and had smoked 20 or more pack-years had risks similar to current smokers."These data are exciting because there are few known ways for a man to reduce his risk of dying from prostate cancer," said senior author Edward Giovannucci, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at HSPH. "For smokers, quitting can impact their risk of dying from prostate cancer. This is another reason to not smoke."Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer diagnosed in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death among U.S. men, affecting one in six men during their lifetime. More than two million men in the U.S. and 16 million men worldwide are prostate cancer survivors.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced Thursday.Dark, finger-like features appear and extend down some Martian slopes during late spring through summer, fade in winter, and return during the next spring. Repeated observations have tracked the seasonal changes in these recurring features on several steep slopes in the middle latitudes of Mars' southern hemisphere."The best explanation for these observations so far is the flow of briny water," said Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona, Tucson.McEwen is the principal investigator for the orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment and lead author of a report about the recurring flows to be published in Friday's edition of the journal Science.Seven such sites on the planet have been confirmed, with 20 more possible, McEwen said."What makes these new observations so interesting is they occur at much lower latitudes where temperatures are much warmer and where it's actually possible for liquid water to exist," said Arizona State University geophysicist Phil Christensen, one of the scientists who studied the images beamed back from the orbiter.The study does not prove water exists, but identifies it as the best explanation. It's worthwhile to think about alternative reasons for these observations, but none seems to fit as well as briny water, McEwen said."I think it's going to be laboratory experiments on Earth that give us the best confirmation or refutation," he said.

LOS ANGELES, July 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA's Juno spacecraft is 30 days away before its first launch window opens, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday."One month from today, our first launch window opens at 11:34 a. m. EDT (8:34 a.m. PDT) and lasts 69 minutes," said Jan Chodas, Juno project manager from NASA's JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles."Our primary launch period is 22 days long, and so if weather or other issues come up on Aug. 5, we have 21 more days to get Juno flying. Once we get Juno into space, it's a five-year cruise to Jupiter.""The launch window is the length of time allotted every day for an attempt to launch the spacecraft," said Chodas. "The launch period is the period of time in days when everything is in the right place to get your mission off to the right start."For a mission like Juno, getting everything in the right place includes considering the size of the rocket and spacecraft, where our home planet -- and in particular Juno's launch pad -- is pointed at any moment, and its location in space relative to other celestial objects like Juno's final target, Jupiter.Juno is scheduled to launch aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from pad 41-C at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.The solar-powered spacecraft will orbit Jupiter's poles 33 times to find out more about the gas giant's origins, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere and investigate the existence of a solid planetary core.JPL manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio.The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alaska. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, built the spacecraft.

KATHMANDU, Aug. 7 (Xinhua) -- Ban on smoking in public places will be enforced from Sunday with the Tobacco Control and Regulatory Act-2010 coming into effect.Those smoking in public places will be fined and civil servants will be liable to departmental action.Government offices, corporations, educational institutions, libraries, airports, public vehicles, orphanages, childcare centres, cinema halls, homes for the elderly, cultural centres, children's gardens, hotels, restaurants, resorts, girls' and boys' hostels, department stores, religious sites and industries have been designated no-smoking zones.Health Secretary Sudha Sharma said mass awareness campaign highlighting punishment will be carried out. She also said an inter-ministerial coordinating committee has been formed to enforce the law to ensure people's right to health. Pasting no- smoking notices at every public place will be mandatory.According to The Himalayan Times daily, the ban covers sale of tobacco products and single sticks within a 100-meter radius of educational and health institutions, children's homes, child care centers and home for elders.Anyone selling tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 years and pregnant women will be fined.The Act also prohibits advertising and sponsoring programs in the name of tobacco-related products through media. Offenders will be fined.The government's mass awareness campaign will cover the entire country to ensure effective implementation of the Act.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- NASA announced Friday the creation of a new directorate that will focus on both the International Space Station operations and human exploration beyond low earth orbit.The Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate combines the Space Operations and Exploration Systems mission directorates. While the transition and personnel assignments will take several weeks to finalize, the directorate already is supporting space station operations. It also will manage commercial crew and cargo developmental programs; construction of the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle, a spacecraft designed to travel beyond low Earth orbit; development of a new heavy lift rocket, known as the Space Launch System; and other programs within the directorates."America is opening a bold new chapter in human space exploration," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "By combining the resources of Space Operations and Exploration Systems, and creating the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, we are recommitting ourselves to American leadership in space for years to come."Associate Administrator Bill Gerstenmaier will head the new organization. He previously served as the associate administrator for Space Operations.

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