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JOHANNESBURG, June 1 (Xinhua) -- An estimated 2 million adolescents ages 10 to 19 are living with HIV, with 86 percent of them from sub-Saharan Africa, according to a global report on HIV prevention launched in Johannesburg on Wednesday.For the first time, the world gets to see the number of adolescents between the ages of 10 to 19 living with HIV in the report named Opportunity in Crisis: Preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood.The report is a jointly publication by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), UNAIDS, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the International Labor Organization (ILO) , the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank.According to the report, people aged 15-24 accounted for 41 percent of new infections over the age of 15 in 2009. Worldwide, an estimated 5 million young people in that age group were living with HIV in 2009. Most of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, young women make up more than 60 percent of all young people living with HIV. In sub-Saharan Africa that rate jumped to 72 percent.Despite these challenges, the report acknowledges that some progress has been made in preventing new infections among young people."In many high-burden countries, HIV prevalence and incidence have declined among young people. While in 2001 there were 5.7 million young people living with HIV, the figure stands at 5 million (in 2009)," said the UNICEF eastern and southern Africa regional director, Elhadj As Sy, at the media briefing.He pointed that sexual transmission and injection drug use remain the major modes of transmission of HIV among young people. Early sexual debut, early pregnancy and early experiences with drug use all raise risks for HIV infection.The report reveals that unemployment and poverty are reported as the main reasons young people enter the sex trade. Worldwide, many young people driven by economic pressure, exploitation, social exclusion and lack of family support turn to commercial sex and injecting drug use.In 2001, the world made a commitment to reduce the prevalence of HIV among young people by 25 percent by 2010. The actual reduction achieved (from 5.7 million to 5 million) is 12 percent, and it represents less than half the target percentage."To avoid the current programming failures, we have to adopt a ' Continuum of Prevention Approach'." said Lina Mousa, deputy director of UNFPA Africa Regional Office."This continuum of prevention must be reflected in national HIV strategic plans, poverty reduction strategies and global fund proposals. This response must be developed with and for young people so that they own the response together with their communities," she added.To build this continuum of prevention for adolescents and young people, the reports outlined nine specific recommendations including providing young people with information and comprehensive sexuality education, strengthening child protection and social protection measures, engaging communities in shaping a positive social environment that promotes healthy behavior, establishing laws and policies that respect young people's rights.

BEIJING, Sept. 26 (Xinhuanet) -- Although it is home to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), China must do much more to improve its academic research capacity for acupuncture, a form of TCM, to take the lead worldwide on both the academic and clinical sides.At present, among all academic theses on acupuncture indexed by the Science Citation Index (SCI), a leading world thesis index system, only 5 percent are from the Chinese mainland, according to Wang Linpeng, the director of the acupuncture and moxibustion center of the Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is affiliated with the Capital Medical University.Although Chinese acupuncturists absolutely excel worldwide in clinical practice, "they are not as good as their foreign peers in academic capacity, particularly Western-style research methods and lab experiment design," he told China Daily on Friday during the 2011 International Symposium on Acupuncture. A patient suffering from facial paralysis receives acupuncture treatment at a hospital in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, on Dec 6, 2010.Studies by TCM practitioners - including acupuncturists - largely focus on their area of specialization, and few are in line with global interest in the medical science that has been proven effective over thousands of years, he said."Chinese TCM practitioners are very good at treating conditions, but they are clumsy at showing how and why it really works in an internationally accepted 'language' and 'manner'," said Gao Sihua, chancellor of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine."It's especially true in TCM circles, where few Chinese practitioners would regularly follow international academic articles and research trends," Wang said.Measured by the number of articles on acupuncture indexed by SCI, the US and European countries lead globally, he said.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (Xinhua) -- Breastfeeding protects against childhood obesity, but less than 4 percent of U.S. hospitals provide the full range of support mothers need for breastfeeding, according to a report issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tuesday.Improving rates of breastfeeding by providing better hospital support to mothers and babies is an important strategy to improve children's health, including a reduced risk of childhood obesity, the monthly Vital Signs report said."Hospitals play a vital role in supporting a mother to be able to breastfeed," it said."Those first few hours and days that a mom and her baby spend learning to breastfeed are critical. Hospitals need to better support breastfeeding, as this is one of the most important things a mother can do for her newborn. Breastfeeding helps babies grow up healthy and reduces health care costs," it added.The report found only 14 percent of hospitals have a written and model breastfeeding policy.It also found in nearly 80 percent of hospitals, healthy breastfeeding infants are given formula when it is not medically necessary, a practice that makes it much harder for mothers and babies to learn how to breastfeed and continue breastfeeding at home.Additionally, only one-third of hospitals practise rooming in, which helps mothers and babies learn to breastfeed by allowing frequent chances to breastfeed.Finally, the report found in nearly 75 percent of hospitals, mothers and babies don't get the support they need when they leave hospitals, including a follow-up visit, a phone call from hospital staff and referrals to lactation consultants, and other important support systems in their communities.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 12 (Xinhua) -- An enzyme that appears to play a role in controlling the brain's response to nicotine and alcohol in mice might be a promising target for a drug that simultaneously would treat nicotine addiction and alcohol abuse in people, U.S. researchers find.Over the course of four weeks, mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon consumed less of a nicotine-containing water solution than normal mice, and were less likely to return to a chamber in which they had been given nicotine. In contrast, normal mice steadily increased their consumption of nicotine solution while the mice lacking PKC epsilon did not.The study conducted by researchers at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, appeared Monday in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.In normal mice, as in humans, nicotine binds to a certain class of nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons, which causes dopamine to be released in the brain. Dopamine creates a feeling of enjoyment, and thus prompts a sense of reward. Researchers found that mice lacking PKC epsilon are deficient in these nicotinic receptors.The finding complements earlier research in which researchers found that mice genetically engineered to lack the PKC epsilon enzyme drank less alcohol than normal mice and were disinclined to return to a chamber in which they had been given alcohol."This could mean that these mice might not get the same sense of reward from nicotine or alcohol," said Gallo senior associate director and investigator Robert Messing. "The enzyme looks like it regulates the part of the reward system that involves these nicotinic receptors."The reward system is a complex of areas in the brain that affect craving for nicotine, alcohol and other addictive substances.The next step in the research, said Messing, would be to develop compounds that inhibit PKC epsilon. The ultimate goal, he added, would be medications that could be used "to take the edge off of addiction by helping people get over some of their reward craving."

CANBERRA, Aug. 31 (Xinhua) -- Australia's new chief medical officer, Professor Chris Baggoley, on Wednesday said Australian should not be worried about reports that a mutant strain of the deadly bird flu virus is spreading across Asia and beyond.On Monday, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said a mutant strain of the deadly avian influenza virus was spreading in Asia and issued a warning that the bird flu could spread from poultry to humans. It urged "heightened readiness and surveillance" as the mutant strain posed "unpredictable risks to human health."But Professor Baggoley, who took office on Tuesday, said Australia is well served by strict testing and customs regimes, adding that avian migration patterns also mean infected birds are highly unlikely to arrive in Australia."I don't think we should be worried," Prof Baggoley told Sky News."The country and the Australian government is certainly vigilant in relation to bird flu."Prof. Baggoley insisted the H5N1 virus remains overwhelmingly a disease of birds and it is very uncommon for humans to catch it. It is also exceedingly rare for humans to spread it among themselves.He said that even if bird flu did arrive and affected humans, Australia is ready to respond to any new and significant developments in bird flu."Australia tests migratory wild birds, looking for H5N1, and has been doing this for some years and has never found it," he said."On the human side of things, Australia has been preparing for a possible outbreak of H5N1 since 2004."We've got the laboratory capacity to diagnose influenza; we've got arrangements in place for a rapid production of an H5N1 vaccine for humans, and we've got ready access to antivirals."There have been no outbreaks of bird flu in Australia to date.The UN said the latest human death from bird flu occurred earlier this month in Cambodia, which has registered eight cases of human infection this year, all of them fatal.H5N1 has infected 565 people since it first appeared in 2003, killing 331.

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