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OTTAWA, Oct. 3 (Xinhua) -- Many friends and colleagues of Canadian scientist Ralph Steinman reacted with shock when they learned on Monday that Steinman won the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology three days after he died.Since 1974, Nobel Prizes are no longer awarded posthumously, but the Nobel Prize committee said that it had made its choice before Steinman's death.Many of Steinman's friends and colleagues said that they learned of Steinman's death at the same time that they learned of his Nobel Prize, which was awarded for a discovery Steinman made in 1973.Steinman, 68, discovered dendritic cells, which help regulate adaptive immunity, which purges invading microorganisms from the body. Dendritic cells activate T cells, which "remember" the DNA sequence of invading organisms and protect the body from later infections from the same disease."Their work has opened up new avenues for the development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer and inflammatory disease," the citation said.Monday, the Nobel Committee defended its decision to award the prize to Steinman. "The decision to award the Nobel Prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel Laureate was alive," the foundation said in a statement."The Nobel Foundation thus believes that what has occurred is more reminiscent of the example in the statutes concerning a person who has been named as a Nobel Laureate and has died before the actual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony."It is still unclear who will pick up Steinman's prize at the award ceremony later this year.Steinman, a cell biologist at Rockefeller University in New York City, died of pancreatic cancer on Friday. For more than four years, he had used his own immune therapy discoveries to extend his life."The news is bittersweet, as we also learned this morning from Ralph's family that he passed a few days ago," Rockefeller University President Marc Tessier-Lavigne said in a statement."We are all so touched that our father's many years of hard work are being recognized with a Nobel Prize," Steinman's daughter, Alexis, said in the statement. "He devoted his life to his work and his family, and he would be truly honored."Steinman's heirs will share the 1.5-million U.S. dollar prize with American genetics professor Bruce Beutler and French scientist Jules Hoffmann.Dr. Beutler is professor of genetics and immunology at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. Dr. Hoffmann headed a research laboratory in Strasbourg, France, between 1974 and 2009 and served as president of the French National Academy of Sciences between 2007 and 2008."Ralph worked right up until last week," said Michel Nussenzweig, a collaborator of Steinman's at Rockefeller University. "His dream was to use his discovery to cure cancer and infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. It's a dream that's pretty close."Steinman was born in 1943 in Montreal, Canada's second largest city, and studied chemistry and biology at McGill University in his hometown before receiving an MD from Harvard Medical School in Boston in 1968. He joined Rockefeller University in 1970 as a postdoctoral fellow."He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer four years ago, and his life was extended using a dendritic-cell based immunotherapy of his own design," the university said in a statement.In a statement, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper lauded the three winners of the Nobel for medicine and called the award " a fitting final tribute" to Steinman's life's work."Dr. Steinman shall be honored for all time with this achievement," Harper said. "Canadians will mourn his loss."

WASHINGTON, Nov. 8 (Xinhua) -- NASA plans to add an unmanned flight test of the Orion spacecraft in early 2014 to its contract with Lockheed Martin Space Systems for the multipurpose crew vehicle's design, development, test and evaluation, the U.S. space agency announced Tuesday.This test supports the new Space Launch System (SLS) that will take astronauts farther into space than ever before, and provide the cornerstone for America's future human spaceflight efforts."President Obama and Congress have laid out an ambitious space exploration plan, and NASA is moving out quickly to implement it," NASA Associate Administrator for Communications David Weaver said in a statement. "This flight test will provide invaluable data to support the deep space exploration missions this nation is embarking upon."Orion is part of the now defunct Constellation program canceled under President Barack Obama's 2011 budget proposal. Instead Obama urged NASA to work toward sending humans to an asteroid and then on to Mars -- and NASA says it wants to go ahead with that as quickly as possible.This Exploration Flight Test, or EFT-1, will fly two orbits to a high-apogee, with a high-energy re-entry through Earth's atmosphere. Orion will make a water landing and be recovered using operations planned for future human exploration missions. The test mission will be launched from Cape Canaveral to acquire critical re-entry flight performance data and demonstrate early integration capabilities that benefit the Orion, SLS."The entry part of the test will produce data needed to develop a spacecraft capable of surviving speeds greater than 20,000 mph and safely return astronauts from beyond Earth orbit," Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations William Gerstenmaier said. "This test is very important to the detailed design process in terms of the data we expect to receive."

WASHINGTON, Oct. 4 (Xinhua) -- Green tea may slow down weight gain and serve as another tool in the fight against obesity, according to U.S. Pennsylvania State University food scientists.Obese mice that were fed a compound found in green tea along with a high-fat diet gained weight significantly more slowly than a control group of mice that did not receive the green tea supplement, said Joshua Lambert, assistant professor of food science in agricultural sciences."In this experiment, we see the rate of body weight gain slows down," said Lambert.The researchers, who released their findings on Tuesday in the online version of Obesity, fed two groups of mice a high-fat diet. Mice that were fed Epigallocatechin-3-gallate -- EGCG -- a compound found in most green teas, along with a high-fat diet, gained weight 45 percent more slowly than the control group of mice eating the same diet without EGCG.In addition to lower weight gain, the mice fed the green tea supplement showed a nearly 30 percent increase in fecal lipids, suggesting that the EGCG was limiting fat absorption, according to Lambert. The green tea did not appear to suppress appetite. Both groups of mice were fed the same amount of high-fat food and could eat at any time."There seems to be two prongs to this," said Lambert. "First, EGCG reduces the ability to absorb fat and, second, it enhances the ability to use fat."A person would need to drink ten cups of green tea each day to match the amount of EGCG used in the study, according to Lambert. However, he said that recent studies indicate that just drinking a few cups of green tea may help control weight."Human data -- and there's not a lot at this point -- shows that tea drinkers who only consume one or more cups a day will see effects on body weight compared to nonconsumers," said Lambert.

XI'AN, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- Fish in Hongjiannao Lake, China's largest desert freshwater lake, are teetering on the verge of extinction, according to local fishery authorities."The fish in Hongjiannao have nearly vanished," said Li Weiping, the head of a fish monitoring station in northwest China's Shaanxi province.As the lake continues to shrink, its water has become more salty and its pH reading has reached 9.6, while the maximum reading suitable for fish is 8.5, according to Li.The lake has gradually lost the water that it used to get from underground streams and rivers, Li said, adding that excessive coal mining around the lake has changed the way water flows underground. Two reservoirs have been built on two rivers near the upper reaches of the lake, preventing river water from flowing into the lake.The lake's water level has plunged by 20 to 30 centimeters every year. Its total surface area has been reduced to 41.8 square km, down from 67 km in 1996.