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MONTPELIER, Vt. -- Near a community garden, Natasha Duarte is in her element: compost.“I see organics as a resource more than a waste. There's a lot of nutrients in it, there's a lot of value in it,” said Duarte, who is with the Composting Association of Vermont.Now, in Vermont, it’s now part of a universal recycling law, which passed in 2012 and has been brought online in phases. As a last step, it addresses what to do with food waste.“July 1, Vermont took the step of banning disposal of food scraps from the trash,” said Josh Kelly with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation.That means everyone in the state -- from businesses to residents – must now keep their food waste out of the garbage.Across the country, about 40% of all the food Americans buy ends up in the trash. That food waste costs the average family of four about ,500 a year. It also takes up valuable space in landfills. Vermont now becomes the first state in the country where a food waste law applies to everyone.“We have a lot of different options for residents and businesses to manage their food waste,” Kelly said. “We have composting facilities across the state. We have a growing number of food scrap haulers and we have drop off locations for folks around the state.”One of those drop-off locations is at Green Mountain Compost.“We've actually been composting food waste for almost three decades,” said Dan Goossen of Chittenden Solid Waste District.The large-scale facility accepts residents dropping off their food scraps, as well as food waste from larger venues, like university cafeterias or apartment complexes.All those food scraps come together with yard waste and produce a finished product for use in gardening.“With a little bit of biology and a little bit of time and oxygen, it turns into a really amazing black compost finished product,” Goossen said.Natasha Duarte said that completes what’s known as “The Food Circle” and also allows people to see how much food they waste.“Just seeing the volume of it separated out from the rest of their trash or recycling, raises that awareness,” she said.It is an awareness that what used to be trash can eventually yield a community garden of treasures. 2216

Moderna is asking American regulators to allow emergency use of its COVID-19 vaccine. It says its final results show the vaccine is 94% effective.The drug maker says it had 196 COVID-19 cases so far in its study. It says 185 of those participants received the placebo, while 11 got the real vaccine. The 30 people who became seriously ill in the trial didn't get the vaccine.FDA advisors are expected to look at all the evidence on December 17. They'll be checking out Pfizer’s vaccine on December 10.Pfizer and Moderna's success with their COVID-19 trials could impact how vaccines are made in the future.It has to do with how they work. They use what's called messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The virus' genetic code is injected into the body so it can instruct cells on what antibodies to produce.It hasn't been approved to be used in a commercial vaccine before.“In the future, it's clearly going to be tough to beat RNA vaccines for speed and that's a wonderful thing. Just this demonstration of how incredibly fast they can move has been great. How effective they can be, I think will depend on a particular disease,” said Shane Crotty, Ph.D. with the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.Crotty says the narrowest application for this vaccine technology in the future is a similar situation where there's a new emerging virus."The mRNA vaccine has been tried for other infectious diseases and they have been investigated for cancer. There's a whole area of trying to vaccine against cancer, which has kind of been an elusive target,” said Dr. Alessandro Sette with the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.A big question with an mRNA vaccine is how long its protection will last. While there is encouraging findings, there's no historical comparison to look at.A big thing experts say has helped with a vaccine is there has been a lot of money put towards manufacturing before we even knew it would work.Click here to learn more about mRNA vaccines. 1958

NBC News and PBS report that the Trump administration will end funding to 13 COVID-19 testing sites in five states at the end of June.According to PBS reporter Yamiche Alcindor, the testing sites are located in Illinois, New Jersey, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Texas.Reports of the administration's decision came a day after the U.S. reported 34,700 new cases of the virus — the third-highest single-day increase of new cases since the pandemic began.The reports also come after days of contradicting messaging regarding testing within the administration. At a rally in Tulsa on Saturday, President Donald Trump said that he had ordered health experts to "slow down" testing to limit the number of newly reported infections.On Monday, Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany said during a press briefing that Trump made those comments "in jest." Trump contradicted McEnany's assertion on Tuesday when asked about his comments, adding that he "doesn't kid."Also on Tuesday, Dr. Anthony Fauci and other top health officials in the White House said they had not been directed to slow down testing.Health experts widely agree that increased testing capacity is a key tenet in slowing and preventing the coronavirus' spread. 1220

More than 230,000 institutions around the world now have free access to a new tech tool that focuses on social and emotional learning during a time when people need human connection more than ever.Like most teachers around the country, Rory Yakubov did not get the type of "back to school" that she was hoping for.“You have to go with the flow, really, if you’re going to stay on top of things right now,” Yakubov said. “Having a mindset where I’m going to have everything perfect is not going to happen. I’m OK - I’m getting OK with that.”Yakubov says her New Jersey district started the school year remotely, which meant the high school math teacher had to figure out how to connect with her students virtually.“It would be so nice if I could walk around the classroom with my students, engage them, check in, have conversations about how they’re doing also have personal conversations with my students,” Yakubov said.Yakubov and her district use Microsoft Teams. She teaches algebra 1 and geometry through the platform, and says she's really looking forward to some new features within Teams. She views it as another tool in her toolbox.Microsoft's education director Mark Sparvell says the roll out includes "praise badges," which are cute, colorful and eye-catching stickers for teachers to "hand out" to their students.“What these tools do is they provide an avenue even when we’re between glass to allow young people to be seen, heard and know they matter,” says Sparvell.Things like reflections and emotional check-ins are also new, and they come at a time when students everywhere are more stressed and anxious than ever.“How is a student feeling, how is my class feeling, how is my school feeling, how is my district feeling,” Sparvell said.Years of research and development led them to this point, says Sparvell. The new tools are based off of science to help youth development. He says these sorts of social and emotional connections are critical for every student.“They’re tied directly to academic outcomes, to positive life outcomes, to mental health and physical health and they’re tied to potential to be employed and remain employed in the future,” Sparvell said.Yakubov says she hopes it'll force her high schoolers to engage, as teens often have a tendency to withdraw.“I am here for them,” Yakubov said. “I want them to succeed and it’s really tough. I would be able to go over to that student who’s super quiet and nudge them and have a quiet conversation and I can’t do that now and I don’t even know who those students are yet and I’ve been teaching five weeks.”She also says, for those teachers how are struggling to help students succeed, this is one way to help guide everyone along, in what may just be their toughest year. 2759

Museums from coast to coast will have free admission on Saturday as part of Smithsonian Magazine's Museum Day Live. Art museums, science centers and other attractions are participating in Saturday's event, which was created to promote STEM programs. In order to take advantage of free admission at museums, tickets are available on Smithsonian Magazine's webpage. Tickets are limited to one person plus a guest per email address. Once you enter your name, email address and select the museum you wish to attend, your ticket will appear on the next screen and be emailed to you. The ticket does not cover special attractions or parking at many locations. Organizers said that once you choose a museum, you cannot change your selection. Click here to find a participating museum in your area.  839

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