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SAN DIEGO (CNS) - According to research published Friday by UC San Diego School of Medicine and San Diego State University researchers, the risk of contracting COVID-19 from handling trick-or-treat candy that has been in contact with a coronavirus-positive person is minimal, but not zero.In the study published Friday in the journal mSystems, the researchers analyzed the viral load on Halloween candy handled by patients with COVID-19.SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the illness COVID-19, is primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets and aerosols. The risk of infection by touching fomites -- objects or surfaces upon which viral particles have landed and persist -- is relatively low, according to multiple studies, even when fomites are known to have been exposed to the novel coronavirus. Nonetheless, the risk is not zero."The main takeaway is that although the risk of transmission of SARS- CoV-2 by surfaces -- including candy wrappers -- is low, it can be reduced even further by washing your hands with soap before handling the candy and washing the candy with household dishwashing detergent afterwards," said co-senior author Rob Knight, professor and director of the Center for Microbiome Innovation at UCSD."The main risk is interacting with people without masks, so if you are sharing candy, be safe by putting it in dish where you can wave from six feet away," he said.As San Diego County heads into a Halloweekend, public health officials are urging members of the public to practice COVID-19 protocols -- including avoiding large gatherings such as Halloween parties and door-to-door trick-or-treating."These activities involve face-to-face interactions with people from different households," said Dr. Wilma Wooten, the county's public health officer. "If a COVID-19 infection is detected among a participant, it will be very difficult to find and notify those who may have been exposed."These traditional Halloween celebrations are not advised, and large gatherings are not allowed under state or local health guidance. The county has reported dozens of community outbreaks in the past week.For their study, the researchers enrolled 10 recently diagnosed COVID- 19 patients who were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and asked them to handle Halloween candy under three different conditions: Normally with unwashed hands, normally with washed hands and extensive handling while deliberately coughing.The candy was then divided into two treatments -- no post-handling washing and washed with household dishwashing detergent -- followed by analyses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the same technology used to diagnose COVID-19 infections in people, and a second analytical platform that can conduct tests on larger samples more quickly and cheaply. Both produced similar findings.On candies not washed post-handling, researchers detected SARS-CoV-2 on 60% of the samples that had been deliberately coughed on and on 60% of the samples handled normally with unwashed hands. However, the virus was detected on only 10% of the candies handled after handwashing.The dishwashing detergent was effective for reducing the viral RNA on candies, with reducing the viral load by 62.1 percent.The researchers had also planned to test bleach, but noted that bleach sometimes leaked through some of the candy wrappers, making it unsafe for this type of cleaning use.The study authors underscored that the likely risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from candy is low, even if handled by someone with a COVID-19 infection, but it can be reduced to near-zero if the candy is handled only by people who have first washed their hands and if it is washed with household dishwashing detergent for approximately a minute after collection.Knight led the study with Forest Rohwer, viral ecologist at San Diego State University, and Dr. Louise Laurent, professor at UC San Diego School of Medicine. 3937

SAN DIEGO (CNS) - A man accused of fatally beating a fellow transient with a mini sledgehammer as the two argued along a Midway District street was ordered Monday to stand trial on a murder charge.Greg Repp Jennings, 53, is accused in the Jan. 8, 2018, slaying of 37- year-old Michael Anthony Dean, who was struck several times in the head with a four-pound hammer.First responders found Dean lying face-up in the street with his face "caved in," according to preliminary hearing testimony. He was pronounced dead at the scene, near 3805 Midway Drive.According to testimony from SDPD Detective Sgt. Christopher Leahy, one witness told investigators that an argument sparked the killing, which began when Jennings was talking loudly at a bus stop. Dean, who was also sitting at the bus stop, asked Jennings to "tone it down," angering the defendant, who told him "it was his First Amendment right and he wasn't going to shut up," Leahy said.Other witnesses also saw the men arguing and then saw Dean fall into the street, at which point Jennings allegedly struck him with the hammer multiple times.Jennings told investigators that he acted in self-defense, according to testimony. He alleged Dean had tied a pair of workboots together by the laces and was going to use the improvised weapon to attack him.Jennings remained at the scene and was arrested by responding officers.The defendant remains in custody without bail. His next court date is an Oct. 8 readiness conference. 1484

SAN DIEGO (CNS) - A motorcyclist died Sunday in a head-on collision with a truck in the San Pasqual neighborhood, police said.The accident happened at 1:41 p.m. when a 65-year-old man riding a 2020 Harley Davidson motorcycle traveling east in the 18000 block of San Pasqual Valley Road crossed over the double yellow line and hit a 1997 Ford 250 driven by an 88-year-old man traveling west, according to Officer John Buttle of the San Diego Police Department.The motorcyclist died and the driver of the Ford and his passenger were taken to the hospital.Traffic Division is investigating the collision. 609

SAN DIEGO (CNS) - A veteran San Diego fire captain pleaded guilty Wednesday to a felony domestic violence charge for injuring his girlfriend during an argument.Steven Michaels, 54, faces up to a year in jail when he is sentenced Feb. 7.As part of his plea agreement, Michaels -- a 30-year firefighter with San Diego Fire-Rescue -- will be on probation for three years, said Deputy District Attorney Stephen Marquardt.Judge Timothy Walsh also ordered the defendant to have no contact with the victim, Marquardt said.RELATED: Trial begins for man accused of stabbing two San Diego firefightersAt his arraignment in August, a prosecutor said Stevens shoved his girlfriend against a wall on July 21 and refused to let her use a cell phone to call for help after she was injured.Michaels has been arrested twice in the past for alleged domestic violence -- once in 2006 and again in December 2015.His run-ins with law enforcement were brought up during the trial of a man who stabbed two San Diego firefighters at an East Village trolley stop in June 2015.Defense attorney Gretchen von Helms didn't immediately comment on how Stevens' felony guilty plea will affect his job status. 1189

SAN DIEGO (CNS) - A jury Monday began deliberating the fate of a man accused of fatally beating a senior citizen and going on a shopping spree with the victim's credit cards nearly two decades ago.Prosecutor Christina Arrollado asked jurors to find 39-year-old Edward Jamar Brooks guilty of first-degree murder.The 71-year-old victim, LeRay Parkins, was found in an alley off the 3700 block of 28th Street on Aug. 23, 2000. He died at a hospital three days later of injuries that included two skull fractures and brain bleeding.According to prosecutors, Parkins was out on a morning walk when he encountered Brooks and co-defendant Lester Bell.Brooks allegedly struck Parkins in the head with a bat, then rifled through the victim's pockets and took his wallet. Purchases were made with Perkins' credit card less than two hours later at a Spring Valley gas station and an Escondido clothing store, according to the District Attorney's Office.A baseball bat was later found at a Spring Valley home frequented by Bell and the getaway driver, Terrence Maurice Brown, but authorities lacked sufficient evidence at the time to arrest the trio for the murder, according to previous court testimony.The three were arrested in different states last summer: Brooks in North Carolina, Bell in Colorado and Brown in Arizona. Brown, 38, recently pleaded guilty to a robbery charge, while Bell, 39, pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter. Both men have yet to be sentenced.Brooks "took a baseball bat to the (victim's) skull," and his DNA was found on the victim's short pockets, Arrollado alleged in her closing argument.She said Parkins was a senior on his morning walk to stay healthy, and claims that he was "willing to get into a full-blown fight" with the defendants are false."Instead of coming home healthy and more vibrant, (Parkins) lay dying in alley, choking on this own blood," she told jurors.Arrollado also dismissed claims by Brooks' attorney, Robert Ford, that Bell and Brown were the real culprits who conspired against Brooks."If this is a frame-up job, it's the worst frame-up job in history," the deputy district attorney said. "These three set out looking for victims."Ford countered that if three people are involved in such a crime, accomplices "will say anything to save their own skin -- don't convict Mr. Brooks unless it's based on evidence." That evidence, Ford said, would include DNA on the baseball bat.Brooks admits to taking Parkins' wallet, and DNA evidence supports a robbery -- but not murder, the defense attorney said. Ford said Parkins deserves justice, but the DA's office "cannot prove any malice in the heart of Mr. Brooks.""I hope and pray that each and every one of you will agree on one theory, and that he's not guilty," Ford told jurors. "If he's an innocent man, he should be able to walk out that door."Ford has alleged that Brown actually beat Parkins with the bat and that he and Bell -- two "lifelong friends" who grew up in North Park together -- conspired to blame Brooks, the "odd man out."Ford earlier told jurors that as the three defendants prepared to leave, Brown got into a fistfight with Parkins, which the victim was winning, despite being much older than Brown. He also said his client went to North Park with Bell and Brown on Aug. 23 to buy marijuana, but the dealer was not home. 3344