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WASHINGTON: A team of researchers found there is not much difference between the sexes when it comes to talking, when you actually count the words. The researchers placed microphones on 396 college students in the United States and Mexico for periods ranging from two to 10 days, sampled their conversations and calculated how many words they used in the course of a day. The score: Women, 16,215; Men, 15,669. The difference: 546 words: "Not statistically significant," say the researchers in Friday's edition of the journal Science. "What's a 500-word difference, compared with the 45,000-word difference between the most and the least talkative persons" in the study, Matthias R. Mehl, an assistant psychology professor at the University of Arizona, who led the research, said. He said the least talkative person in the study - a male - used just over 500 words a day, while another male topped that by more than 45,000. Co-author James W. Pennebaker, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Texas, said the researchers collected the recordings as part of a larger project to understand how people are affected when they talk about emotional experiences. They were surprised when a magazine article asserted that women use an average of 20,000 words per day compared with 7,000 for men. If there had been that big a difference, he thought, they should have noticed it. "Although many people believe the stereotypes of females as talkative and males as reticent, there is no large-scale study that systematically has recorded the natural conversations of large groups of people for extended periods of time," Pennebaker said. Indeed, Mehl said, one study they found, done in workplaces, showed men talking more. Still, the idea that women use nearly three times as many words a day as men has taken on the status of an "urban legend", he said. Agencies

SHANGHAI: In a fresh sign of China¡¯s financial strength, a leap in the shares of Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Monday made it the world¡¯s biggest bank by market capitalisation, overtaking US giant Citigroup. ICBC¡¯s Shanghai-listed A shares surged 2.68% to 5.75 yuan, giving it a market capitalisation of 4bn, according to Reuters calculations. That exceeded the 1bn capitalisation of Citigroup, previously the world¡¯s biggest bank, when its shares closed at .73 in New York on Friday. HSBC Holdings was in third place with 5bn. Shares in ICBC, which listed in Shanghai and Hong Kong last October, have gained 15% this month on the back of a rally in China¡¯s booming stock market as well as strong growth in the bank¡¯s own earnings. Weakness in Citigroup¡¯s share price, and appreciation of the yuan against the dollar have also shifted market values in favour of ICBC. But some analysts believe ICBC¡¯s ballooning capitalisation may also be a sign of a dangerously overheated Shanghai stock market as speculating Chinese investors pour money into shares. ICBC, a state-controlled behemoth which is trying to modernise a creaky branch network operating almost entirely inside China, reported income of bn last year. Citigroup, one of the world¡¯s most sophisticated financial institutions with operations around the globe, reported income almost four times as large, at bn. ICBC¡¯s share price yesterday valued it at 28 times analysts¡¯ forecasts for its earnings per share in 2007, far above 11 times for Citigroup and an average of 16 times for major global banks, according to Reuters Estimates. ¨C Reuters

Businesses in the Taihu Lake area will have to pay heavy fees to discharge pollution into the lake and nearby waterways this year, officials from the Jiangsu environmental protection bureau said Thursday.The new regulation, approved by the State Environmental Protection Administration and the Ministry of Finance last month, is the first of its kind in the country. It will be implemented initially in Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang and Nanjing, all in Jiangsu Province.The move is part of a long-awaited campaign to limit the amount of pollution pumped into the region's waterways.Taihu Lake, which provides drinking water for about 30 million people in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang as well as Shanghai Municipality, has been heavily polluted by industrial waste, pesticides and fertilizer since the 1980s.The situation deteriorated in May last year when the lake suffered from a massive blue-green algae outbreak that threatened the water supply to more than 1 million residents of Wuxi.The government closed down some 2,800 small chemical factories after the bloom appeared.The water quality in the Taihu Lake area is expected to improve as the new rule takes effect, prodding companies to clean up their operations to avoid fines, an official surnamed Gao, with the publicity and education department of the provincial environmental protection bureau, said.The new regulation includes charges of 4,500 yuan (0) per ton for increasing chemical oxygen demand, a measure of the amount of oxygen used in a chemical reaction caused by chemical waste in water, or double what it costs to treat polluted water.Seven industries, including chemicals, textiles, iron and steel-making, and paper mills, which are believed to pose the biggest threat to water safety, will be subject to the fines.Companies discharging more than their quota of pollution will face fines of up to 1 million yuan. However, those that do not use up their quotas are welcome to trade the difference with other companies.

China's employers have dual problems on the hiring front as they face the biggest salary increases in Asia needed to attract talent and the region's highest turnover, according to a survey.The findings appeared in the Friday edition of the China Youth Daily.Nearly one-third, or 32 percent, of the employers surveyed planned to raise salaries by at least 20 percent to attract badly-need talent, said the survey by human resources company Hudson.The survey covered employers' first-quarter plans and expectations.Year-end bonuses are expected to rise significantly, with 66 percent of the respondents planning to increase year-end bonuses at least 10 percent and almost one-fourth planning raises of more than 20 percent.But despite significant increases in compensation, staffing turnover has been heavy.Across all industries, 47 percent of companies surveyed had turnover rates of more than 10 percent in the past 12 months, and 13 percent said that the rate was more than 20 percent.China's staff turnover rate was highest in Asia, more than twice that of Japan, the Youth Daily report said. Unsatisfactory compensation and limited career progression were blamed for China's high turnover level.Among respondents, 22 percent agreed that limited career progression was a major cause of high turnover, while 18 percent believed it resulted from dissatisfaction over money.The report predicted a persistent increase in salary levels in China because of limited talent resources.