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VIENNA, March 28 (Xinhua) -- Stress hormone is helpful in alleviating acrophobia, a morbid fear of great heights, according to a study by Austrian scientists.They published the findings in the recent Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Frank H. Wilhelm, professor from the Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology at the University of Salzburg, Austria, carried out the first study demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of hormones released at periods of high stress in anxiety.The study found hormones and other drugs could be a good addition to behavioral treatment of several anxiety disorders.People with acrophobia have formed a so-called fear memory, which could be activated when the fear-causing stimulus occurs. They tend to react with feelings of extreme fear and anxiety to the ride in a glass elevator.Hence, scientists conducted a confrontation therapy, trying to mask this memory.A total of 40 experimental subjects had been put in a safe environment to constantly confront the fear-inducing stimulus, until they had a new reaction to the perceived threat.Observations also suggested hormones released in high stress had impact on learning and memory.Additionally, stress hormones were believed to facilitate the storage of new, anxiety-free competence and experienced confidence in the therapy. Animal studies have shown that this emotional relearning benefits from cortisol, one of the stress hormones.

WASHINGTON, April 20 (Xinhua) -- Those childhood music lessons could pay off decades later -- even for those who no longer play an instrument -- by keeping the mind sharper as people age, according to a preliminary study published by the American Psychological Association (APA).The study recruited 70 healthy adults age 60 to 83 who were divided into groups based on their levels of musical experience. The musicians performed better on several cognitive tests than individuals who had never studied an instrument or learned how to read music, according to the research findings published Wednesday online in the APA journal Neuropsychology."Musical activity throughout life may serve as a challenging cognitive exercise, making your brain fitter and more capable of accommodating the challenges of aging," said lead researcher Brenda Hanna-Pladdy, a clinical neuropsychologist at the University of Kansas Medical Center. "Since studying an instrument requires years of practice and learning, it may create alternate connections in the brain that could compensate for cognitive declines as we get older."The three groups of study participants included individuals with no musical training; with one to nine years of musical study; or with at least 10 years of musical training. All of the participants had similar levels of education and fitness and didn' t show any evidence of Alzheimer's disease.All of the musicians were amateurs who began playing an instrument at about 10 years of age. More than half played the piano while approximately a quarter had studied woodwind instruments such as the flute or clarinet. Smaller numbers performed with stringed instruments, percussion or brass instruments.The high-level musicians who had studied the longest performed the best on the cognitive tests, followed by the low-level musicians and non-musicians, revealing a trend relating to years of musical practice. The high-level musicians had statistically significant higher scores than the non-musicians on cognitive tests relating to visuospatial memory, naming objects and cognitive flexibility, or the brain's ability to adapt to new information.The brain functions measured by the tests typically decline as the body ages and more dramatically deteriorate in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. The results "suggest a strong predictive effect of high musical activity throughout the lifespan on preserved cognitive functioning in advanced age," the study stated.Half of the high-level musicians still played an instrument at the time of the study, but they didn't perform better on the cognitive tests than the other advanced musicians who had stopped playing years earlier. This suggests that the duration of musical study was more important than whether musicians continued playing at an advanced age, Hanna-Pladdy says."Based on previous research and our study results, we believe that both the years of musical participation and the age of acquisition are critical," Hanna-Pladdy says. "There are crucial periods in brain plasticity that enhance learning, which may make it easier to learn a musical instrument before a certain age and thus may have a larger impact on brain development."The preliminary study was correlational, meaning that the higher cognitive performance of the musicians couldn't be conclusively linked to their years of musical study. More research is needed to explore that possible link.

WASHINGTON, April 11 (Xinhua) -- Taking a statin before having major elective surgery reduces potentially serious kidney complications, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology.Each year, more than 230 million major elective surgeries are performed around the world. Unfortunately, many patients who undergo major operations develop kidney injury soon after surgery, often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys and/or the effects of inflammation.Animal studies suggest that the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins protect the kidneys from such damage, but whether a similar benefit occurs in humans is uncertain. To investigate, Amber Molnar, University of Western Ontario, and colleagues conducted a population-based retrospective study of all older patients who underwent major elective surgery in the province of Ontario, Canada from 1995 to 2008. Surgeries included cardiac, thoracic, vascular, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal procedures.A total of 213,347 patients from 211 hospitals underwent major elective surgery, and 4,020 patients (1.9 percent) developed postoperative kidney injury within two weeks of surgery. A total of 1,173 patients (0.5 percent) required dialysis within two weeks of surgery, and 5,974 patients (2.8 percent) died within a month of surgery.Prior to surgery, 67,941 patients (32 percent) were taking a statin. Patients taking a statin were 20 percent less likely to develop kidney injury, need dialysis, and die compared to patients who were not taking a statin. Also, there was evidence of a dose-effect, with patients on higher potency statins having less kidney injury. In addition, statins were beneficial whether they were started greater than 90 days or less than 30 days prior to surgery."Our study suggests that statin use in older persons results in less kidney injury following major elective surgery and reduces the risk of premature death after surgery," said Molnar, adding that the results warrant further investigation with more rigorous studies, but such trials will be difficult to carry out.

MOHE, Heilongjiang, Feb. 3 (Xinhua) -- Some 1.318 million tonnes of crude oil had flowed through an oil pipeline from Russia's far-east to China by Jan. 31, a month after the pipeline began operating, an officer of the Chinese operator of the pipeline said.The pipeline, which originates in the Russian town of Skovorodino in the far-eastern Amur region, enters China at Mohe and terminates at Daqing City of northeast China's Heilongjiang Province.The facility withstood the test of the severe coldness since it was put into operation on Jan. 1 and no production accident has been reported so far, said Gou Hanghai, director of the Mohe administration station of the pipeline.The pipeline remains a daily oil delivering capacity of 42,000 tonnes, he saidThe 1,000-km-long pipeline will transport 15 million tonnes of crude oil from Russia to China per year from 2011 to 2030, according to an agreement signed between the two countries.Some 72 kilometers of the pipeline is in Russia and 927 kilometers of it is in China.

SAN FRANCISCO, May 4 (Xinhua) -- Intel Corp. on Wednesday announced that it will mass-manufacture chips using new transistors featuring a three-dimensional (3-D) structure, calling it a technical breakthrough in microprocessors.The 3-D transistor, called Tri-Gate, represents a fundamental departure from the two-dimensional planar transistor structure that has powered computers, mobile phones and other modern electronics, Intel said."Intel's scientists and engineers have once again reinvented the transistor, this time utilizing the third dimension," Paul Otellini, Intel's chief executive officer, said in a statement.Intel on Wednesday also demonstrated a 22-nanometer (nm) microprocessor, codenamed "Ivy Bridge," which will be the first high-volume chips to use the new 3-D transistors.Ivy Bridge is scheduled for high-volume production readiness by the end of this year, the company said.According to Intel, the 3-D transistors enable chips to operate at lower voltage with lower leakage compared to previous transistors, providing up to 37 percent performance increase at low voltage versus the company's 32nm planar transistors.The gain means that the new 3-D transistors are ideal for use in small handheld devices, which operate using less energy to " switch" back and forth, Intel noted.