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JOHANNESBURG, March 8 (Xinhua) -- In order to combat piracy and to improve maritime safety, South African authorities have begun using a sophisticated navigation satellite system, it was announced on Tuesday.Piracy, especially by Somalis, has been increasing along Africa east coast in recent years. The South African Press Association (SAPA) reported on Tuesday that Karl Otto, head of the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) announced the surveillance tool at a conference in Durban.Called Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), the system monitors and tracks vessels in waters south of the equator.Otto said the introduction of the LRIT followed concerns over the safety of seafarers, the safety standards of ships within South African waters.Otto said there were high levels of cargo at risk, such as fuels and oils.He said reasons for installing the system included the number of shipwrecks along the South African coast, and the threat of pollution of the marine environment by ships."It also serves as a mechanism to prevent piracy."Otto said the satellite system has the capacity to identify and track vessels up to 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km) from the South African coastline as well as South African-flagged vessels anywhere in the world."This is a revolutionary development in the security of our seas," he said.SAMSA was determined to protect South Africa's seafarers, its coastline and the marine environment, Otto said.

MOSCOW, May 13 (Xinhua) -- The main and backup crews that will fly to the International Space Station in June have passed preflight tests and are ready for space travel, the Russian Cosmonauts Training Center said Friday.The main crew includes Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov, Japanese astronaut Satoshi Furukawa and American astronaut Michael Fossuma.A Russian spaceship Soyuz TMA-02M will send the crew to the space station on June 8, Interfax news agency reported.The backup crew includes members from Russia, the Netherlands and the United States.The crews were tested on the various emergency situations they could face during the flight.Next Monday, the commission will make a final choice of crewmembers for the launch.The crew will spend 161 days in orbit and conduct three space walks.

LOS ANGELES, May 1 (Xinhua) -- Middle-aged adults who sleep too less or too much may be more likely to suffer cognitive decline, a new study suggests.According to the study, less than six hours of sleep each night is considered too little and more than eight hours as too much for middle-aged adults.The study, conducted by researchers at University College London Medical School, was published May 1 in the American medical journal Sleep.The researchers conducted the study in two periods -- the 1997- 1999 period and the 2003-2004 period. The participants were asked how many hours they slept on an average week night, and were asked the same question in 2003-2004 after an average 5.4 years of follow-up.The researchers compared those who reported changes in their sleep patterns with people whose sleep duration stayed the same over the course of the study.In the follow-up, each individual was given a battery of standard tests to assess his or her memory, reasoning, vocabulary, global cognitive status and verbal fluency.The study findings show that women who slept seven hours per night had the highest score for every cognitive measure, followed by those who had six hours of sleep. For men, cognitive function was similar for those who reported sleeping six, seven or eight hours.However, less than six hours of sleep -- or more than eight hours -- were associated with lower scores."Sleep provides the body with its daily need for physiological restitution and recovery," explained Jane Ferrie, a senior research fellow in the department of epidemiology and public health at the school. "While seven hours a night appears to be optimal for the majority of human beings, many people can function perfectly well on regular sleep of less or more hours."However, since most research has focused on the effects of sleep deprivation on biological systems, it is not yet fully understood why seven hours is optimal -- or why long sleeping appears to be detrimental, Ferrie said."Chronic short sleep produces hormones and chemicals in the body which increase the risk of developing heart disease and strokes, and other conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol, diabetes and obesity," she added.

TOKYO, May 21 (Xinhua) -- Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Banri Kaieda met with visiting Chinese Commerce Minister Chen Deming in Tokyo Saturday and agreed the two countries will promote bilateral trade to assist Japan's recovery after the March 11 quake and tsunami.Chen, who accompanied Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Japan, told Kaieda that China will offer "as much cooperation as possible to help Japan's reconstruction" by providing necessary supplies.Kaieda said Japan will strive to restore production and supply chain disrupted by the disasters as soon as possible.The two sides said they will conduct various investment and trade activities to strengthen cooperation and personnel exchange, and facilitate the smooth flow of bilateral trade so as to promote sustainable development.The two ministers signed a document on expanding bilateral economic and trade cooperation. They also reaffirmed that free and open trade will help Japan's reconstruction efforts.

WASHINGTON, March 22 (Xinhua) -- A long-term study by Greek researchers has shown the effectiveness of replacing bone marrow, purposely destroyed by chemotherapy, with autologous (self) stem cells in treating people with aggressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS).The study was published on Tuesday in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.For the treatment, chemotherapy drugs are used to kill all of the patient's blood cells, including the immune cells that are believed to be attacking the body's own central nervous system. Bone marrow stem cells removed from the patient are purified and transplanted back into the body, which saves life by replacing the blood cells and also is proposed to "reboot" the immune system.A human embryonic stem cell line derived at Stanford University is seen in this handout photo released to Reuters by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009The study followed 35 people for an average of 11 years after transplant. The study involved people with rapidly progressive MS who had tried a number of other treatments for MS with little or no effect. All were severely disabled by the disease, with an average score of six on a scale of disease activity that ranges from zero being a normal neurological examination to 10 meaning death due to MS.A score of six means able to walk with a cane or crutch; a seven is mainly in a wheelchair. All had worsened by at least one point on the scale in the year prior to the transplant.After the transplants, the probability of participants having no worsening of their disease for 15 years was 25 percent. The probability was higher -- 44 percent -- for those who had active brain lesions, which are a sign of disease activity, at the time of the transplant.For 16 people, symptoms improved by an average of one point on the scale after the transplant, and the improvements lasted for an average of two years. The participants also had a reduction in the number and size of lesions in their brains. Two people (six percent) died from complications related to the transplant at two months and 2-1/2 years post-transplant.Study author Vasilios Kimiskidis, of Aristotle University in Thessaloniki, Greece, noted that more research is needed on this treatment, including studies that compare people receiving the treatment to a control group that does not receive the treatment."Keeping that in mind, our feeling is that stem cell transplants may benefit people with rapidly progressive MS," he said. "This is not a therapy for the general population of people with MS but should be reserved for aggressive cases that are still in the inflammatory phase of the disease."

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