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WASHINGTON, March 4 (Xinhua) -- New data suggest that the epilepsy drug Topamax (topiramate) and its generic versions increase the risk for the birth defects cleft lip and cleft palate in babies born to women who use the medication during pregnancy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Friday in a statement.Before prescribing topiramate, approved to treat certain types of seizures in people who have epilepsy, health care professionals should warn patients of childbearing age about the potential hazard to the fetus if a woman becomes pregnant while using the drug, the FDA said.Topiramate also is approved to prevent migraine headaches, but not to relieve the pain of migraines."Health care professionals should carefully consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing it to women of childbearing age," said Russell Katz, director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Alternative medications that have a lower risk of birth defects should be considered."Cleft lip and cleft palate, collectively called oral clefts, are birth defects that occur when parts of the lip or palate do not completely fuse together early in the first trimester of pregnancy, a time when many women do not know they are pregnant.The defects range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose, possibly leading to problems with eating, talking, and to ear infections. Surgery often is performed to close the lip and palate and most children do well after treatment.Data from the North American Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registry indicate an increased risk of oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Infants exposed to topiramate as a single therapy experienced a 1.4 percent prevalence of oral clefts, compared with a prevalence of 0.38 percent - 0.55 percent in infants exposed to other antiepileptic drugs.Infants of mothers who did not have epilepsy and were not being treated with other antiepileptic drugs had a prevalence of 0.07 percent. Similar data from the United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register supported the North American AED Pregnancy Registry data.According to the FDA, before starting topiramate, pregnant women and women of childbearing potential should discuss other treatment options with their health care professional.

LOS ANGELES, May 1 (Xinhua) -- Middle-aged adults who sleep too less or too much may be more likely to suffer cognitive decline, a new study suggests.According to the study, less than six hours of sleep each night is considered too little and more than eight hours as too much for middle-aged adults.The study, conducted by researchers at University College London Medical School, was published May 1 in the American medical journal Sleep.The researchers conducted the study in two periods -- the 1997- 1999 period and the 2003-2004 period. The participants were asked how many hours they slept on an average week night, and were asked the same question in 2003-2004 after an average 5.4 years of follow-up.The researchers compared those who reported changes in their sleep patterns with people whose sleep duration stayed the same over the course of the study.In the follow-up, each individual was given a battery of standard tests to assess his or her memory, reasoning, vocabulary, global cognitive status and verbal fluency.The study findings show that women who slept seven hours per night had the highest score for every cognitive measure, followed by those who had six hours of sleep. For men, cognitive function was similar for those who reported sleeping six, seven or eight hours.However, less than six hours of sleep -- or more than eight hours -- were associated with lower scores."Sleep provides the body with its daily need for physiological restitution and recovery," explained Jane Ferrie, a senior research fellow in the department of epidemiology and public health at the school. "While seven hours a night appears to be optimal for the majority of human beings, many people can function perfectly well on regular sleep of less or more hours."However, since most research has focused on the effects of sleep deprivation on biological systems, it is not yet fully understood why seven hours is optimal -- or why long sleeping appears to be detrimental, Ferrie said."Chronic short sleep produces hormones and chemicals in the body which increase the risk of developing heart disease and strokes, and other conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol, diabetes and obesity," she added.

CANBERRA, March 23 (Xinhua) -- Up to 45 native species in Western Australia's Kimberley region will die out within 20 years if no action is taken, latest study showed on Wednesday.The Priority Threat Management to Protect Kimberley Wildlife report, released by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) on Wednesday, was commissioned by the Wilderness Society.The report showed that at present, 20.2 million U.S. dollars a year is spent on conservation efforts in the Kimberley, which is home to an assortment of threatened species.However, the report said even if that money was spent properly, the region would still lose some 31 native animals.The numbers of many more birds, reptiles and mammals, such as the Spotted Tree Monitor and the Western Chestnut Mouse, would dwindle.It called for an immediate cash injection of 96 million U.S. dollars to save creatures like the Golden Bandicoot, the Scaly- Tailed Possum and the Monjon Rock Wallaby from extinction.It will follow by an ongoing investment of 40.43 million U.S. dollars annually in the Kimberley to protect its species, as well as boost plant life, help the climate and conserve indigenous land."This investment is great value," one of the report's six co- authors Hugh Possingham said in a statement released on Wednesday."We can save some of Australia's most iconic mammals and birds at a cost of only about one million U.S. dollars per species per year."

BEIJING, Jan. 27 (Xinhua) -- China's foreign exchange watchdog said Thursday that the surplus of Chinese banks' foreign exchange purchases to sales in client transactions increased 51 percent through 2010 to stand at 397.7 billion U.S. dollars at year-end.China' s institutional and individual clients sold 1.33 trillion U.S. dollars in foreign exchange to banks in 2010 while purchasing 932.7 billion U.S. dollars, said the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) in an online statement.In 2009, the annual surplus fell 42 percent to 263.5 billion U.S. dollars, according to SAFE's data released in March 2010.The statement noted the figures did not include banks' own forex transactions and interbank transactions.The forex surplus in December 2010 totaled 51.5 billion U.S. dollars, as clients sold 146.2 billion U.S. dollars of foreign exchange, up 13 percent from November, while purchasing 94.7 billion U.S. dollars, up 12 percent, it said.Chinese banks received 1.89 trillion U.S. dollars for their clients in overseas business in 2010 and paid 1.59 trillion U.S. dollars to overseas business, it added.The SAFE only began releasing monthly and quarterly data on bank foreign exchange transactions in 2010.

LOS ANGELES, April 17 (Xinhua) -- Global warming will melt all the ice in the Arctic Ocean every summer, raising earth temperatures even further, researchers at the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) warned.The findings, available online Sunday in the April issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a leading journal in geoscience, were based on analysis of the fossilized remains of four-million-year-old mollusks, they said.Two novel geochemical techniques used to determine the temperature at which the mollusk shells were formed suggest that summertime Arctic temperatures during the early Pliocene epoch (3.5 million to 4 million years ago) may have been a staggering 18 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than today, the researchers said.And these ancient fossils, harvested from deep within the Arctic Circle, may have once lived in an environment in which the polar ice cap melted completely during the summer months, according to the researchers.Such balmy polar weather would certainly melt all the ice in the Arctic Ocean every summer, said Aradhna Tripani, an assistant professor at the UCLA's departments of Earth and space sciences."Our data from the early Pliocene, when carbon dioxide levels remained close to modern levels for thousands of years, may indicate how warm the planet will eventually become if carbon dioxide levels are stabilized at the current value of 400 parts per million," she said.The earth's temperature was raised five to nine degrees Fahrenheit merely by the absence of year-round Arctic ice, according to Tripani.The results of the study lend support to assertions made by climate modelers that summertime sea ice may be eliminated in the next 50 to 100 years, which would have far-reaching consequences for Earth's climate, she said."The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identifies the early Pliocene as the best geological analog for climate change in the 21st century and beyond," said Tripati. "The climate-modeling community hopes to use the early Pliocene as a benchmark for testing models used for forecasting future climate change."

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