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WASHINGTON (AP) — For much of the United States, invasive grass species are making wildfires more frequent, especially in fire-prone California, a new study finds.Twelve non-native species act as "little arsonist grasses," said study co-author Bethany Bradley, a University of Massachusetts professor of environmental conservation.Wherever the common Mediterranean grass invades, including California's southern desert, fires flare up three times more often. And cheatgrass , which covers about one-third of the Intermountain West, is a big-time fire promoter, Bradley said."I would not be surprised at all if invasive grasses are playing a role in the current fires but I don't think we can attribute to them directly," Bradley said.University of Utah fire expert Phil Dennison, who wasn't part of the study but says it makes sense, said, "In a lot of ways, California was ground zero for invasive grasses. Much of California's native perennial grassland was replaced by Mediterranean annual grasses over a century ago. This study doesn't look at invasive grasses in the areas that are burning in California, but invasive grasses are contributing to the fires there."Experts say the areas burning now in California are more shrubs and grasses than forests, despite what President Donald Trump tweeted over the weekend."This is a global problem," said University of Alberta fire expert Mike Flannigan, who wasn't part of the study but said it makes sense. "I think with climate change and human assistance we are moving to a grass world. One region they should have mentioned is Hawaii where wildfires are increasing in large part due to invasive grasses."Invasive species are spreading more because of climate change as warmer weather moves into new areas, said study lead author Emily Fusco, also of the University of Massachusetts. New England and the Mid-Atlantic are seeing new invasive and more flammable grasses, Bradley said.The study in Monday's journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences looks at the connections between a dozen species of invasive grasses and fires nationwide, finding fires occur more often in places with the non-native grasses. But the study did not find a link between invasive grasses and the size of the fires.Four of these species, including cheatgrass and common Mediterranean grass, are in California. These grasses get dry and then watch out, Fusco said."When you start a fire normally you want kindling," Fusco said. "The grasses are, more or less, like kindling"If someone lights a match and throws in the middle of a forest, it is unlikely a fire will start, but throw it in a field of cheatgrass "and odds are that it's going to catch," Bradley said."We are the reason that invasive species are here. We are the reason that they get spread around," Bradley said.Flanagan noted that invasive plants that are not grasses also feed the wildfire problem.While most outside experts said the study was important, wildfire expert LeRoy Westerling at the University of California, Merced said that with wildfires the size is key so this study is less valuable because it measures frequency.While size matters in forest fires, study author Bradley said mid to small size fires are the ones "in everybody's backyard" and affect people and their buildings more. 3313

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump and Democratic rival Joe Biden faced inquisitive voters on separate stages in different cities Thursday night in a substitute for the debate that was meant to be.Here's how some of the rhetoric compared with the facts in the prime-time events and a day of campaigning:ECONOMYTRUMP, answering questions in Miami on NBC: “We had the greatest economy in the history of our country.”THE FACTS: The numbers show it wasn’t the greatest in U.S. history.Did the U.S. have the most jobs on record before the pandemic? Sure, the population had grown. The 3.5% unemployment rate before the recession was at a half-century low, but the percentage of people working or searching for jobs was still below a 2000 peak.Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Romer looked at Trump’s economic growth record this month. Growth under Trump averaged 2.48% annually before the pandemic, only slightly better than the 2.41% gains achieved during Barack Obama’s second term. By contrast, the economic expansion that began in 1982 during Ronald Reagan’s presidency averaged 4.2% a year.So Trump is wrong.___ELECTION FRAUDTRUMP: “When I see thousands of ballots dumped in a garbage can and they happen to have my name on it? I’m not happy about it.” — from Miami.THE FACTS: Nobody has seen that. Contrary to Trump’s repeated, baseless attacks on voting security, voting and election fraud is vanishingly rare. No cases involving thousands of ballots dumped in the trash have been reported in this election.Trump has cited a case of military ballots marked for him being thrown in the trash in Pennsylvania as evidence of a possible plot to steal the election. But he leaves out the details: County election officials say that the seven ballots, along with two unopened ones, were accidentally tossed in an elections office in a Republican-controlled county by a single contract worker and that authorities were swiftly called.The Brennan Center for Justice in 2017 ranked the risk of ballot fraud at 0.00004% to 0.0009%, based on studies of past elections.In the five states that regularly send ballots to all voters, there have been no major cases of fraud or difficulty counting the votes.___CRIMEBIDEN, answering questions in Philadelphia on ABC: “The crime bill itself did not have mandatory sentences, except for two things, it had three strikes and you’re out, which I voted against in the crime bill.”THE FACTS: That's misleading. He is understating the impact of the bill and the influence he brought to bear in getting it passed into law.Biden wrote and voted for that sweeping 1994 crime bill, which included money for more prisons, authorized the federal death penalty and called for a mandatory life sentence for three-time violent offenders – the so-called three strikes provision.He did call the three-strikes rule “wacko” at one point, even as he was helping to write the bill. Whatever his reservations about certain provisions, he ultimately voted for the legislation, which included the three-strikes rule and has come to be seen in the Black Lives Matter era as a heavy-handed and discriminatory tool of the justice system.___TROOPSBIDEN in Philadelphia, on U.S. troops in Afghanistan: “They have more people there now, by the way, then when I left, when we left in Afghanistan.”THE FACTS: Not so.The U.S. now has about 5,000 troops in Afghanistan. The troop level did not dip below 8,400 before President Barack Obama left office. The U.S. had about 8,500 troops in Afghanistan during Trump’s first several months in office.The number of troops in Afghanistan reached 100,000 in 2010, before Obama took office. Obama did withdraw thousands of troops during his two terms, but he was unable to fulfill promises to decrease the number of troops to 5,500 toward the final years of his presidency.___CORONAVIRUSTRUMP: "Just the other day they came out with a statement that 85% of the people that wear masks catch it so ... that’s what I heard and that’s what I saw.” — town-hall event in Miami.TRUMP, on his rallies: “What I do is outside is a big thing. And if you look at those, people, they really are wearing masks. I’ll tell you, I looked last night in Iowa — there were many, many people wearing masks. But then you see CDC comes out with a statement that 85% of the people wearing masks catch it.” — Fox Business interview.TRUMP, looking out over his crowd: “Look at all the masks. You know, they keep saying, ‘nobody wears a mask, wear the mask.’ Although then they come out with things today. Did you see CDC? That 85% of the people wearing a mask catch it, OK?” — remarks at rally during the day in Greenville, North Carolina.THE FACTS: He's botching the study's findings, repeatedly. The study cited, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, did not find that 85% of mask wearers catch COVID-19. If that were the case, the majority of Americans would be infected.It found something quite different: that 85% of the small group of COVID-19 patients surveyed — about 150 on this question — reported they had worn a mask often or always around the time they would have become infected.The group's exposure to potentially infected people in the community varied. Most reported shopping or being in a home with multiple people. But they were twice as likely to have eaten at a restaurant, where masks are set aside for the meal, than were uninfected people in a control group.Most studies have shown that wearing masks reduces the transmission of the virus by blocking respiratory droplets. Several studies have also shown that masks could offer some protection for the people who wear them.The findings were in a CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, published last month.___TRUMP, reacting to the news that people associated with the Biden campaign on a recent flight with Harris tested positive for COVID-19: “We extend our best wishes, which is more than they did to me, but that’s OK.” — Greenville rally.THE FACTS: That’s false.Hours after Trump’s early morning announcement on Oct. 2 that he had tested positive, both Biden and Harris sent their wishes for a quick recovery via Twitter.“Jill and I send our thoughts to President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump for a swift recovery,” Biden wrote. “We will continue to pray for the health and safety of the president and his family.”Harris tweeted a similar message “wishing President Trump and the First Lady a full and speedy recovery. We’re keeping them and the entire Trump family in our thoughts.”The Biden campaign at the time also announced it would stop running negative ads, with the candidate tweeting that “this cannot be a partisan moment” after the news that Trump was going to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for treatment of his coronavirus infection. Biden’s camp resumed the advertising after Trump was released from Walter Reed.At least three people connected to Biden’s campaign have tested positive for the coronavirus, leading the campaign to suspend in-person events for Harris through Monday. 7044

WASHINGTON -- A veteran who lost his genitals due to a blast in Afghanistan has received the world’s most extensive penis transplant, according to the Associated Press.Surgeons at John Hopkins University said they wanted to address “an unspoken injury of war” by rebuilding the man’s entire pelvic region, transplanting a penis, scrotum and part of an abdominal wall from a deceased donor.In total, officials with the hospital said the surgery took 14 hours.Such transplants "can help those warriors with missing genitalia just as hand and arm transplant transformed the lives of amputees," Dr. W.P. Andrew Lee, Hopkins' chairman of plastic and reconstructive surgery.The patient, who asked to keep his identity hidden, is expected to regain urinary and sexual function.The scrotum transplant didn’t include the donor’s testicles, so reproduction won’t be possible.Three other successful penis transplants have been performed. Two in South Africa and one at Massachusetts General Hospital.For functionality, surgeons had to connect nerves and blood vessels. Hopkins is now screening additional veterans to see if any are good candidates for this type of reconstructive transplant.In a statement, Hopkins says the patient was quoted as saying: "When I first woke up, I felt finally more normal." 1302

VISTA, Calif. (KGTV) - For the third time in recent months, a local Boy Scout troop is coping with a heartbreaking theft.As they were getting ready to leave on a camping trip Friday, Boy Scout Troop 722 in Vista realized their camping trailer was gone.Without a trailer, future trips are now in jeopardy.The trailer was parked in the St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church parking lot when someone broke the padlock and stole the trailer. Because the troop has dealt with vandalism in the past, all their gear is kept in a shipping container. The trailer has a unique bolt on its door, which was put in to prevent people from breaking in.Replacing the trailer will cost the troop ,000.Community members can donate on a Go Fund Me page set up for the troop. If you spot the trailer, contact the Vista Sheriff's Department.In September, a Chula Vista Troop's trailer was stolen, as well as one earlier this month one in University City. Investigators are not sure whether any of the cases are related. 1013

WASHINGTON — The course of President-elect Joe Biden's transition to power is dependent in part on an obscure declaration called “ascertainment.” The formal presidential transition doesn’t begin until the administrator of the federal General Services Administration ascertains the “apparent successful candidate” in the general election. Neither the Presidential Transition Act nor federal regulations specify how that determination should be made. That decision greenlights the entire federal government’s moves toward preparing for a handover of power. It includes millions of dollars in funding for the new team, office space, and makes administration officials available. The administrator of the GSA, Emily Murphy, was appointed by President Donald Trump. She has not given any indication on when she would start the process.The General Services Administration is a government agency that is in charge of federal buildings. The GSA’s leadership is supposed to act independently and in a nonpartisan manner, and at least some elements of the federal government already have begun implementing transition plans. Aviation officials, for instance, have restricted the airspace over Biden’s lakefront home in Wilmington, Delaware, while the Secret Service has begun using agents from its presidential protective detail for the president-elect and his family.The most notable transition delay in modern history was in 2000, between outgoing President Bill Clinton and incoming President George W. Bush. The Supreme Court didn't decided a recount dispute between Al Gore and Bush until December. 1603

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