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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — At least six companies are working on COVID-19 vaccine candidates in San Diego, all within a 1.5-mile radius of where the I-5 and I-805 split.Locally, the farthest along appears to be Inovio Pharmaceuticals, which plans to launch a Phase 2 trial next month, potentially with a simultaneous Phase 3 trial. A Phase 3 trial is the final step in vaccine testing, with thousands of participants.The company is developing the vaccine using a DNA technique that isn’t used in any other vaccines on the market, although some are in the final stages of testing, said Dr. Kate Broderick, who leads Inovio’s vaccine program.To ensure the DNA enters a person’s cells, the company uses a proprietary device about the size of a toothbrush to deliver doses into the skin rather than a needle and syringe. The company announced Tuesday it secured a million grant from the Department of Defense to speed up production of the devices.Just down the street, TriLink Biotechnologies is working with researchers in London on a vaccine candidate that replicates itself in the body. It just started a Phase 1 trial this month.Nearby, Sorrento Therapeutics is working on both a COVID-19 vaccine and a treatment, but it hasn’t advanced yet to human trials. 10News previously featured the company’s efforts, which are based on techniques developed to fight cancer.On the other side of the 805, Arcturus Therapeutics is working with Duke University on a vaccine based on RNA, which acts as a messenger for DNA. There are no vaccines approved for humans that use this RNA approach. Trials are expected to begin in August, according to a tracker by the Milken Institute.UC San Diego is developing a vaccine using plant virus nanotechnology, leveraging an approach that’s used in vaccines against Hepatitis B and shingles. The university is also taking part in research on a COVID treatment.A spokeswoman for San Francisco-based Vir Biotechnology says the company is using its San Diego satellite office to help crunch data for the work on its vaccine, which is a collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).GSK, Janssen, and Pfizer each have vaccine candidates of their own and offices near the 5-805 split, but 10News was not able to immediately confirm if any of those companies were conducting COVID research locally. 2318

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- At the Sycuan Visitors Center in El Cajon, you'll find pieces of history on display. Tools, clothing, baskets, even instruments, all tracing their origin to the Kumeyaay people."We were very important in shaping this landscape, so we developed the landscape and the landscape developed us," said Ethan Banegas, who teaches Kumeyaay history and is Kumeyaay himself.The Kumeyaay people live on 12 reservations in southern California and six in Mexico. Their history is rooted deeply in the San Diego area."We have old village sites all over. Old Town, where the first mission was, was an old village called Kasoy, " Banegas explained. According to Banegas, at one point, the Kumeyaay people lived from the desert to the mountains to the ocean and numbered between 30 and 50 thousand.RELATED: Native American tribes join to celebrate life and heritage at San Diego powwowBy the late 1800s, historians estimate the Kumeyaay population had dwindled to as low as 1000. Even as numbers started to rebound, the language and music continued to fade. Banegas says at one point traditional singers had all but disappeared. However, there was a resurgence in the 1960s that continues today."We have a whole generation learning these songs that were basically gone."As for the language, there are only about a dozen speakers left in the U.S. and a few dozen more in Mexico. But there's an effort underway to teach young people and keep it alive. Banegas says a turning point for many tribes was gaming, which provided an economic solution to the severe poverty many people experienced on the reservations. Today Banegas and others are using education to keep their culture alive and hope that during this Native American heritage month, San Diegans take time to remember the people who've called this land home for thousands of years. 1849

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - As coronavirus cases climb, a cancer patient faces an excruciating choice: Risk the trips to San Diego for potentially life-saving treatment or not.He was the picture of health, but in 2014 at the age of 45, Bryce Olson was diagnosed with an aggressive, stage 4 prostate cancer."I couldn't believe it. No family history of prostate cancer. Exercised every day," said Olson.Various treatments have kept his cancer at bay, but eventually, it began to grow again. About 10 months ago, the Oregon man began a clinical trial at Moores Cancer Center at UCSD, including IV immunotherapy treatment."Pretty ecstatic ... I've had pretty good success on it, kept the cancer contained," said Olson.As part of the trial, he must fly in to San Diego for treatment every three weeks, a trip suddenly fraught with risk. "Uber to the airport. Being in the airport. Being in an airplane. Getting an Uber to the hospital in San Diego ... makes me super anxious. Makes me feel like I'm a sitting duck," said Olson.Six years of cancer drugs have left son's immune system compromised."Here's the irony. I may die of cancer in the mid term or long term, but I will probably die of COVID-19 if I get it," said Olson.Olson recently made the painful decision to postpone his cancer treatments in San Diego."If I can get through this crisis - maybe miss some of my therapy - maybe I let the tiger a little out of the cage a little bit on the cancer thing. I feel like I could maybe reel that guy back in, but if I die of COVID-19, it's over," said Olson.His decision is one many others with weakened immune systems are also facing, whether to make that trip to a hospital for treatment."Folks like me are faced with Sophie's choice. We either go in and get the treatment that will extend our lives ... But by doing so, we could catch a disease that could kill us today," said Olson.There are some hoops to go through, but his San Diego doctors may be able to get him his infusion at an Oregon hospital. Even if that happens, he's not sure he'd go, because of all the same concerns. 2081

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Coaster service through San Diego County will be unavailable for two weekends this month.To give crews time to complete infrastructure improvements along the rail corridor, North County Transit District announced Coaster service from Oct. 19-20 and 26-27 would be shut down.On Fridays before the closures, southbound Amtrak R2R trains A792 and A796 will make their trips to Santa Fe Depot, but Amtrak train A590 will stop at Oceanside Transit Center.During the service shut down, Amtrak Pacific Surfliner and Metrolink will not provide service to Oceanside Transit Center. Trips on connecting buses will need an Amtrak reservation. Amtrak bus services will also need an Amtrak reservation. Rail 2 Rail passes are not eligible.Bus service connecting Coaster stations will not be available, but some passengers may have BREEZE Route 101 or MTS connections available.While no passenger rail service will operate on the corridor during these times, other vehicles and equipment will be in use. Pedestrians and drivers should still look out for equipment in the area.Service will resume on the Mondays after the closures but may experience delays up to 15 minutes. 1186

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — As Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine begins circulating, there is another big logistical challenge ahead: reminding people to get the second dose.Both vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna require two doses spaced several weeks apart. People who get immunized often feel fatigue or soreness shortly after the shot and may experience fever, particularly after the second dose, according to clinical trial data.Doctors say those immediate, short-term side effects are a positive sign the immune system is revving up production.The side effects are similar to that of the shingles vaccine. But studies show about 20 percent of the people who get the shingles vaccine skip the second dose.Experts say if that happens with the COVID vaccines, there could be consequences.The worst-case-scenario is that skipping the second shot could allow the virus to spread and mutate, and potentially build resistance to the vaccines, according to Penn State University biologist David Kennedy.That outcome is considered unlikely, but the World Health Organization announced Monday it detected a new variation of the virus in England, showing the virus is already mutating without the evolution pressure of a mass vaccine program.“Does this make the virus more serious? Does it allow the virus to transmit more easily? Does it interfere with diagnostics? Would it interfere with vaccine effectiveness? These are questions. None of these questions have been addressed yet,” said Dr. Michael Ryan, director of the WHO Health Emergencies Program.When administered in two doses, Pfizer’s vaccine is 95 percent effective at preventing COVID-19 symptoms. The FDA’s review showed the vaccine could be up to 52 percent effective after a single dose, but the data was limited.“I think you could probably say you’re going to have short-lived but incomplete protection,” said vaccine expert Dr. Paul Offit. “Protection from disease but possibly not asymptomatic shedding.”It remains unclear whether people who are fully immunized against the virus can still spread it to others asymptomatically but someone who is only partially immunized may be especially prone to silent spread, according to Offit.When Americans roll up their sleeves to get the COVID-19 vaccine, they’ll get a 4 by 6 inch index card from the CDC noting which brand they got, the lot number, and when they’re due for the second shot.People who get Pfizer’s vaccine need to get a second shot 21 days later. People who get Moderna’s need to wait 28 days for round two.The CDC is encouraging people to photograph their card with their cell phone as a backup, because beyond the index card, the logistics of reminding people about their second dose will vary by state and healthcare provider.In California’s draft vaccination plan from October, the state said it was exploring ways to "systematically text, email, and/or auto-call individuals when their second dose is needed." The California Department of Public Health did not immediately respond to a request for comment about its latest plans.Much of the work may fall to the healthcare providers who administer the shots. Although the vaccine will be free for individuals, the government is paying providers for every first dose they give and for every second dose, a way to incentivize providers to keep close tabs on patients.However, only about 25 percent of the nation’s vaccination providers have systems that can send automated reminders, according to L.J Tan, the chief strategy officer of the Immunization Action Coalition. 3552

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