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-- and its wider implications for human mental health treatment -- was found in their poop, per new findings published in Behavioural Brain Research.Rats are better drivers when they're mentally stimulatedKelly Lambert, study author and head of the University of Richmond's Lambert Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, trained two groups of young rats: One bunch raised in an "enriched environment" with toys, ladders, balls and pieces of wood designed to spark mental stimulation, and another reared in a standard, unexciting lab cage.The rats learned to enter a custom "rat-operated vehicle," or ROV, adorably constructed from a one-gallon plastic container turned on its side.Once inside, the rat racers would stand on an aluminum plate and press on a copper bar that would trigger the wheels' motor. They'd hold down on the bar until they propelled their tiny car to the end of their enclosure, where they collected their reward: Froot Loops.When it came time to drive, the rats who played with ladders, balls and toys were more adept at operating and steering the ROV, thanks to the neuroplasticity (their brains' ability to change over time) triggered by their environment. Their unstimulated cage counterparts effectively "failed their driving test," Lambert said.Hormones found in their feces showed improved emotional resilienceIn sifting through their fecal matter, Lambert found both groups of rats trained to drive secreted higher levels of corticosterone and DHEA, hormones that control stress responses.Corticosterone is a hormone animals could secrete in high-stakes scenarios like running from a wild animal or defending themselves from predators, but it can also be expressed in lower-risk tasks like doing taxes or worrying about a loved one (though rats likely aren't advanced enough to form a government, let alone impose taxes on fellow rats).DHEA acts as a sort of "buffer," Lambert said, when corticosterone becomes toxic -- that is, when it can't be turned off in a reasonable amount of time, creating prolonged stress.It's evidence that mastering a complex task, like driving a car, bolstered the rats' emotional resilience."It is likely that driving gives the rats a sense of control over their environment," she said. "In humans, we would say that it enhances a sense of agency or self-efficacy."What have rats got to do with human health?The brains of humans and rats share nearly all of the same areas and neurochemicals -- they're just smaller in rodents. And though humans are certainly more complex than rats, Lambert said there are "universal truths" in how both species' brains interact within their environment to maintain optimal mental health.So these results have implications for human health, too (and no, they don't mean rats will drive alongside people in tiny lanes on highways). Emotional resilience is one of the first lines of defense against mental illnesses like depression, she said, and learning what behaviors build that up could clue physicians in on how to treat those illnesses in humans.It's a concept Lambert refers to as "behaviorceuticals," activities that release hormones that can ward off prolonged stress brought on by corticosterone."Anything that reduces stress can build resilience against the onset of mental illness," she said.The activity can be something as simple as knitting, or in rats' case, learning to drive a car. Just engaging hands, paws and brains of varying sizes can enhance a participant's sense of control. 3489

after video shows police pepper-spraying what appears to be a non-violent protester and firing a now-lethal weapon toward him. The video, which circulated on social media, showed a man a protest in Grand Rapids on Saturday night near the intersection of Fulton St. and Division Ave. Ven Johnson, a police brutality attorney, called the video "unacceptable.""It's despicable; this young man is clearly walking towards the officers. Lets even give them the benefit of the doubt," Johnson said. "We don't have any video of what happened before that. Who knows what they've been told. Who knows what happened before. But he's walking toward the officer in a relatively non-threatening manner. Clearly has nothing in his hands except maybe a cigarette."At the end of the video, the man appears to be hit by some sort of blast by officers."It looks like he got shot with a projectile," Johnson said. "Whether it hit him or not I don't know."That is horrible, tragic. We want to know why things are escalating? This is a perfect example where the police could have stayed back, stayed in line, said nothing, which they're trained to do. They're trained to de-escalate. Not escalate," Johnson said.Witnesses claim protests were peaceful, outside of a few fireworks which were not aimed at police."Some people were lighting fireworks, that were just going straight up, because we have a point to make," witness James Curley said. "Black Lives Matter. Police brutality needs to stop."Curley said the video was recorded by his friend Dakota Spoelman. The two do not know the man shown in the video."(He) walked up to the line of police, to express his freedom of speech," Curley said. "The cop stepped up to him and pepper-sprayed him. Completely no threat after that. Don't know what's going on. They shot him; it looked like they shot him, from the chest to the head with some type of flash grenade."Curley says the police's action is the exact reason he's protesting."After that, that's when things started escalating," Curley said. "Police started shooting off more of those flash grenades at everybody there. That's when they started rioting."This story was originally published by Julie Dunmire on 2195

After serving time in jail the past three and a half months, Montanez said she gave him a second chance to get his act together. WFTX reached out to the State Attorney's Office and Cape Coral police to try and get confirmation that this phone call happened Monday. They said they are looking into it but can't yet confirm Montanez's account. Authorities said they won't be able to release what is said in any of Wilson's phone calls from jail because it's still an active investigation. Wilson remains in the Lee County jail on unrelated charges. He has not been charged for both deaths, but those charges are expected to be upgraded soon.This story was originally published by Jillian Hartmann at WFTX. 705

With the election coming in a matter of days, Americans are waiting with baited breath as a survey found a majority of people expect the outcome of the election to play a role in their personal finances.According to the Consumer Credit Confidence Survey from Equifax, 69% say the outcome of the election is a significant factor that will impact their future financial decisions.The survey, which was released on Wednesday, came on the same day that the Dow Jones lost more than 900 points. The markets have taken a tumble in recent weeks as coronavirus cases jump throughout the US.The survey did find that more Americans (33%) are optimistic about the economy compared to April (27%)."The pandemic has impacted all aspects of our lives," said Beverly Anderson, President of Global Consumer Solutions at Equifax. "It has forced many consumers to closely manage household finances and reprioritize their available cash. Based upon more deliberate financial management, as well as the impact of some of the stimulus and financial relief programs, we see reductions in consumer debt, higher savings rates and better credit health." 1136

?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????Surely we belong to God and to him shall we return.It is with tremendous sadness and pain to say goodbye to my father, Nur Omar Mohamed. No words can describe what he meant to me and all who knew and loved him. pic.twitter.com/gb7q0gMXG2— Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) June 16, 2020 325