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New research suggests that antibodies the immune system makes to fight the new coronavirus may only last a few months in people with mild illness, but that doesn’t mean protection also is gone or that it won’t be possible to develop an effective vaccine.“Infection with this coronavirus does not necessarily generate lifetime immunity,” but antibodies are only part of the story, said Dr. Buddy Creech, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. He had no role in the work, published Tuesday in the New England Journal of Medicine.The immune system remembers how to make fresh antibodies if needed and other parts of it also can mount an attack, he said.Antibodies are proteins that white blood cells called B cells make to bind to the virus and help eliminate it. The earliest ones are fairly crude but as infection goes on, the immune system becomes trained to focus its attack and to make more precise antibodies.Dr. Otto Yang and others at the University of California, Los Angeles, measured these more precise antibodies in 30 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and four housemates presumed to have the disease. Their average age was 43 and most had mild symptoms.Researchers found that the antibodies had a half-life of 73 days, which means that half of them would be gone after that much time. It dovetails with a previous report from China also suggesting antibodies quickly fade.The results “call for caution regarding antibody-based ‘immunity passports,’ herd immunity, and perhaps vaccine durability,” the California authors write.That’s true, Creech said, but other parts of the immune system also help confer protection. Besides churning out antibodies, B cells develop a memory so they know how to do that again if needed.“They would get called into action very quickly when there’s a new exposure to the virus. It’s as if they lie dormant, just waiting,” he said.Other white blood cells called T cells also are better able to attack the virus the next time they see it, Creech said.Although circulating antibodies may not last long, what we need to know is if and how people remake antibodies if exposed to the coronavirus again and if they protect against another infection, Alison Criss, an immunologist at the University of Virginia, wrote in an email. “We also need to know if there is a protective T cell response” that reappears.Vaccines, which provoke the immune system to make antibodies, might give longer-lasting protection than natural infection because they use purified versions of what stimulates that response, she noted.Creech agreed.“This shouldn’t dissuade us from pursuing a vaccine,” he said. “Antibodies are only a part of the story.”___Marilynn Marchione can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/MMarchioneAP___The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. 2967

NEW YORK -- Donald Trump Jr.’s wife, Vanessa Trump, has filed for divorce, according to the Associated Press.Public court records filed Thursday show that Vanessa Trump is seeking an uncontested divorce from Trump Jr.The couple was married in 2005 and have five children together.According to AP, the Trump organization hasn’t responded to an emailed request for comment.RELATED: White powder mailed to Trump Jr.'s apartmentJust last month, Vanessa Trump opened a letter to Trump Jr. that contained an unidentified white powder and was briefly hospitalized as a precaution.The substance turned out to be nonhazardous and a Massachusetts man was later charged with sending the letter. 696

NEW YORK (AP) — The streaming of “Hamilton” by the Disney+ streaming service was surely the big event on television screens in American living rooms this past weekend. How many people actually saw it remains a mystery. Disney knows, but isn't telling. The Nielsen company is getting that information, too, but deferring to Disney on when it becomes public. The “Hamilton” airing is the most prominent example yet of how consumption of entertainment is changing, but systems for measuring how many people are watching haven't kept up. It's different for television, where it's easy to find how many people watched President Trump at Mount Rushmore, for instance.Hamilton gave Disney+ a huge boost as its most prominent release since debuting. The taping of the hit Broadway show was originally slated for a 2021 theatrical release, but was moved up during the coronavirus pandemic, which has shuttered all Broadway performances since March. 947

NOGALES, Ariz. -- Towns on the border of the United States and Mexico face a double-edged sword. International trade continues, with only small impacts from COVID-19. But these border towns are feeling a strain from the lack of visitors.“We thought 30 days, then we thought 60 days, then we thought 90 days,” Bruce Bracker said, reflecting on the past five months since a national emergency was declared over COVID-19.The town of Nogales, hugging the Mexico-Arizona border, historically sees plenty of visitors.“It was bustling to the point where if we needed to walk from one building to the other, you wouldn't walk on the sidewalk because it was too crowded,” Bracker explained. Bracker worked in the family business, a store near the border that opened in 1924. He said he worked there for about 30 years, before he said they had to close it.While the bustle has slowed over the decades, COVID-19 and non-essential travel bans halted foot traffic altogether.“Our customers are 95 percent from Mexico, so they closed the border. We can't do nothing,” business owner Frank Baek said. Baek had stopped by his store that day, even though the doors were closed to any possible customers.Very few stores on the main shopping stretch next to the border in Nogales were open.“Everybody is just kind of concerned and worried about how and when and if we’re going to move forward past this,” Tim Carter, a manager at Oasis Cinema, said.Most tourism-based communities share the same sentiment. But what makes border towns unique is that they’re also essential, thanks to international trade.“You saw a lot of people all over the country no longer go to work or work from home, in this community that didn't happen,” Jaime Chamberlain, president of Chamberlain Distributing, said. “Almost all of our citizens were deemed essential workers because you had to...the food supply chain is so important.” Chamberlain Distributing works with farmers in Mexico, importing their crops and distributing to wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice.“We market and distribute that product for them in North America,” said Chamberlain, whose business may have slowed down a bit, but it never stopped.“As the rest of the United States slowed down, Nogales kept on doing exactly what we were doing before COVID,” he said. “The efficient flow of trade is extremely important to this community.”Right now, his warehouse is pretty empty. Not because of demand, but because of the time in the season.“We've imported Mexican fruits and vegetables through here for over a century, so we feel a tremendous responsibility to our country...to have the available supply,” he said.That holds true for most border towns.“Major flows of products that are shipped or trucks and trains and cars, are still crossing and so that trade is down a little bit but not much,” said Robert Grosse, a professor of international business at Arizona State University.Grosse said we haven’t seen anything on this scale since the short downturn with the financial crisis in 2008.As trade continues, Bracker and other business owners wait for the news that the border can reopen to non-essential travel as well.“It’s going to be really interesting to see if there's a pent up demand or really what's going on,” Bracker said.“We’re 22,000 people here in Nogales, Arizona, but on a daily basis our city grows between 50,000 and 55,000 people,” Chamberlain said.And it's the people that help fuel their economy. “The majority of our sales tax comes from Mexican shoppers coming over to shop on the American side,” Chamberlain said. “All of our budget is based on sales tax, the majority of it.” 3645

NEW YORK CITY — The "Black Lives Matter" mural that had been painted in front of Trump Tower in Manhattan was vandalized on Monday.Police said that about 12:30 p.m. on Monday, a man dumped red paint on the large yellow mural and fled west on 56th Street. Police described the suspect as a white man wearing a black hat and a black T-shirt.The Department of Transportation repaired the mural Monday evening, Mayor Bill de Blasio said."To whoever vandalized our mural on 5th Avenue: nice try," he tweeted. "The #BlackLivesMatter movement is more than words, and it can't be undone." 588