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LOS ANGELES, May 12 (Xinhua) -- A subsurface ocean of molten or partially molten magma exists beneath the surface of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said on Thursday."The finding heralds the first direct confirmation of this kind of magma layer at Io and explains why the moon is the most volcanic object known in the solar system," JPL said in a press release posted on its website.The finding was based on new data analysis from NASA's Galileo spacecraft, said JPL.The research was conducted by scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles; the University of California, Santa Cruz;, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The study is published this week in the journal Science, JPL said."Scientists are excited we finally understand where Io's magma is coming from and have an explanation for some of the mysterious signatures we saw in some of the Galileo's magnetic field data," said Krishan Khurana, lead author of the study and former co- investigator on Galileo's magnetometer team at UCLA."It turns out Io was continually giving off a 'sounding signal' in Jupiter's rotating magnetic field that matched what would be expected from molten or partially molten rocks deep beneath the surface."Io produces about 100 times more lava each year than all the volcanoes on Earth, according to data released by JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.While Earth's volcanoes occur in localized hotspots like the "Ring of Fire" around the Pacific Ocean, Io's volcanoes are distributed all over its surface, JPL said, adding that a global magma ocean about 30 to 50 km beneath Io's crust helps explain the moon's activity."It has been suggested that both the Earth and its moon may have had similar magma oceans billions of years ago at the time of their formation, but they have long since cooled," said Torrence Johnson, a former Galileo project scientist based at JPL, an affiliation with NASA."Io's volcanism informs us how volcanoes work and provides a window in time to styles of volcanic activity that may have occurred on the Earth and moon during their earliest history," said Johnson, who was not directly involved in the study.NASA's Voyager spacecraft discovered Io's volcanoes in 1979, making that moon the only body in the solar system other than Earth known to have active magma volcanoes. The energy for the volcanic activity comes from the squeezing and stretching of the moon by Jupiter's gravity as Io orbits the largest planet in the solar system.Galileo was launched in 1989 and began orbiting Jupiter in 1995. Unexplained signatures appeared in magnetic field data from Galileo flybys of Io in October 1999 and February 2000. After a successful mission, the spacecraft was intentionally sent into Jupiter's atmosphere in 2003.

BEIJING, Feb. 18 (Xinhua) -- China needs to reform funding methods for scientific and technological research in order to boost the nation's innovation capabilities, said officials and researchers attending a conference in Beijing Friday.The management of the government-funded research projects should also be reformed, State Councilor Liu Yandong said at the national conference on science and technology work.Liu stressed that reform, innovation and cooperation should be the keys for China's science and technology work over the next five years, when the government would increase funding for research in new strategic industries, such as new energy, biomedicine and high-end manufacturing.Last year, central and local government spending on science and technology development totaled 380 billion yuan (57.8 billion U.S. dollars), Science and Technology Minister Wan Gang said at the conference.Over the past five years, central government spending on science and technology development had grown by around 20 percent annually.However, some researchers have complained problems in the funding system actually hinder innovation and progress.Inflexibility in the management of government funds allowed researchers little freedom to adapt projects to developments in their fields, said Li Zhenzhen, a researcher at the Institute of Policy and Management under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).Chen Jie, a research fellow of the CAS' Institute of Microelectronics, said some authorities which oversee the spending of research funds had been rather rigid."In some cases, they are more interested in spending most of the funds on new equipment than scientists," Chen said in an earlier interview with Xinhua. "Without decent pay, it is difficult to attract top scientists to work in China.""Having to solicit and lobby for funding to support the team's research projects leaves me no more than five hours a day for real research," Chen said.Top-level scientific brains are the key to the innovative capability of China, he added.A researcher attending Friday's conference echoed Chen's opinion."China manufactures 65 percent of the world's computers. But to my knowledge, we are still spending about 150 billion U.S. dollars annually to buy computer chips from overseas," the researcher told Xinhua on condition of anonymity.Wan Gang also said imported computer chips cost China more than crude oil purchases last year.But Wan believed that with breakthroughs in frontier areas such as cloning, manned space flight, moon exploration and supercomputers, China could expect a leap in science and technology development in the near future.In October last year, China successfully launched its second lunar probe, Chang'e-2.A month later, Chinese supercomputer Tianhe-1A, which can perform 2.57 quadrillion computing operations a second, was ranked the world's fastest in the TOP500 list compiled by U.S. and European researchers.

BEIJING, March 21 (Xinhuanet) -- A new device is being developed by American engineers to ease pain of blood sugar testing in diabetics, according to foreign media report last week.The upcoming device is the research target of a team of engineers at Arizona State University. It is specifically designed for patients with type1diabetes and type2 diabetes, according to a report in the "Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology,"  The traditional method of testing blood sugar levels involves painful pricks on the fingers to draw blood for testing. The inconvenient and painful process may somehow leave diabetics lax in their testing. The blood sugar levels, when poorly controlled, are very likely to trigger complications including heart disease, kidney disease and retinopathy.Unlike the old testing method, the new device could help people keep track of their blood sugar levels without the need to break the skin. It draws tears to measures the blood sugar levels in the fluid and gives just an accurate reading of blood sugar levels. "This new technology might encourage patients to check their blood sugars more often, which could lead to better control of their diabetes by a simple touch to the eye." said Jeffrey T. LaBelle, developer of the device.The new testing device has drawn great interest from investors due to its promising prospects. However, it still awaits a significant amount of testing before it can hit the market.

LOS ANGELES, April 7 (Xinhua) -- Using NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GEE) satellite, U.S. astronomers are hunting for nearby, hard-to-see stars which could very well be home to the easiest-to-see alien planets, it was announced on Thursday.U.S. astronomers are ferreting out the new targets after the glare of bright, shining stars has frustrated most efforts at visualizing distant worlds, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said.So far, only a handful of distant planets, or exoplanets, have been directly imaged. Small, newborn stars are less blinding, making the planets easier to see, but the fact that these stars are dim means they are hard to find in the first place."Fortunately, the young stars emit more ultraviolet light than their older counterparts, which makes them conspicuous to the ultraviolet-detecting GEE," JPL said in a press release."We've discovered a new technique of using ultraviolet light to search for young, low-mass stars near the Earth," said David Rodriguez, a graduate student of astronomy at University of Californian, Los Angeles. "These young stars make excellent targets for future direct imaging of exoplanets."Young stars, like human children, tend to be a bit unruly -- they spout a greater proportion of energetic X-rays and ultraviolet light than more mature stars. In some cases, X-ray surveys can pick out these youngsters due to the "racket" they cause. However, many smaller, less "noisy" baby stars perfect for exoplanet imaging studies have gone undetected except in the most detailed X-ray surveys. To date, such surveys have covered only a small percentage of the sky, according to JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.Rodriguez and his team figured that the GEE, which has scanned about three-quarters of the sky in ultraviolet light, could fill this gap.Astronomers compared readings from the telescope with optical and infrared data to look for the telltale signature of rambunctious junior stars. Follow-up observations of 24 candidates identified in this manner determined that 17 of the stars showed clear signs of youth, validating the team's approach, JPL said."The Galaxy Evolution Explorer can readily select young, low- mass stars that are too faint to turn up in all-sky X-ray surveys, which makes the telescope an incredibly useful tool," Rodriguez said in the release.

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