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BEIJING, Sept. 2 (Xinhuanet) -- Insomnia costs average U.S. worker 11.3 days, or 2,280 dollars, in lost productivity each year, according to a new study published in journal Sleep.The total cost to the nation is 63.2 billion dollars annually, the study said.Researchers analyzed information about sleep habits and work performance from 7,428 workers taking part in Harvard Medical School's American Insomnia Study survey in 2008-09.As a result, 23.2 percent of the participants suffered insomnia, characterized by a hard time falling or staying asleep.Moreover, insomnia rates were 19.9 percent for those with less than a high school education and 21.5 percent for college graduates."We were shocked by the enormous impact insomnia has on the average person's life," said Ronald C. Kessler, a lead author and a psychiatric epidemiologist at Harvard Medical School."It's an underappreciated problem. Americans are not missing work because of insomnia. They are still going to their jobs but accomplishing less because they're tired," Kessler noted.Employers usually ignore the consequences of insomnia because it's not considered an illness resulting in workers' absenteeism.But the high cost of lost sleep identified in this study indicates that employers need to take it more seriously.

LOS ANGELES, June 17 (Xinhua) -- The size of low-oxygen zones created by respiring bacteria is extremely sensitive to changes in depth caused by oscillations in climate, thus posing a distant threat to marine life, a new study suggests."The growth of low-oxygen regions is cause for concern because of the detrimental effects on marine populations -- entire ecosystems can die off when marine life cannot escape the low- oxygen water," said lead researcher Curtis Deutsch, assistant professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at University of California, Los Angeles."There are widespread areas of the ocean where marine life has had to flee or develop very peculiar adaptations to survive in low- oxygen conditions," Deutsch said in the study to be published in an upcoming print edition of the journal Science.A team led byDeutsch used a specialized computer simulation to demonstrate for the first time that fluctuations in climate can drastically affect the habitability of marine ecosystems.The study also showed that in addition to consuming oxygen, marine bacteria are causing the depletion of nitrogen, an essential nutrient necessary for the survival of most types of algae."We found there is a mechanism that connects climate and its effect on oxygen to the removal of nitrogen from the ocean," Deutsch said. "Our climate acts to change the total amount of nutrients in the ocean over the timescale of decades."Low-oxygen zones are created by bacteria living in the deeper layers of the ocean that consume oxygen by feeding on dead algae that settle from the surface. Just as mountain climbers might feel adverse effects at high altitudes from a lack of air, marine animals that require oxygen to breathe find it difficult or impossible to live in these oxygen-depleted environments, Deutsch said.Sea surface temperatures vary over the course of decades through a climate pattern called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, during which small changes in depth occur for existing low-oxygen regions, Deutsch said. Low-oxygen regions that rise to warmer, shallower waters expand as bacteria become more active; regions that sink to colder, deeper waters shrink as the bacteria become more sluggish, as if placed in a refrigerator."We have shown for the first time that these low-oxygen regions are intrinsically very sensitive to small changes in climate," Deutsch said in remarks published Friday by the American Association for the Advancement of Science on its website. "That is what makes the growth and shrinkage of these low-oxygen regions so dramatic."Molecular oxygen from the atmosphere dissolves in sea water at the surface and is transported to deeper levels by ocean circulation currents, where it is consumed by bacteria, Deutsch said."The oxygen consumed by bacteria within the deeper layers of the ocean is replaced by water circulating through the ocean," he said. "The water is constantly stirring itself up, allowing the deeper parts to occasionally take a breath from the atmosphere."A lack of oxygen is not the only thing fish and other marine life must contend with, according to Deutsch. When oxygen is very low, the bacteria will begin to consume nitrogen, one of the most important nutrients that sustain marine life."Almost all algae, the very base of the food chain, use nitrogen to stay alive," Deutsch said. "As these low-oxygen regions expand and contract, the amount of nutrients available to keep the algae alive at the surface of the ocean goes up and down. "Understanding the causes of oxygen and nitrogen depletion in the ocean is important for determining the effect on fisheries and fish populations, he said.

SYDNEY, Sept. 5 (Xinhua) -- Australian scientists believe " brown fat," a wondrous tissue that burns energy to generate heat, could help people fight obesity, local media reported on Monday.A research team from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research (GIMR) has worked out how to grow brown fat from stem cells biopsied from adults, raising hopes that one day brown fat could be transplanted in obese people to speed up calories they burn, the Australian Associated Press (AAP) reported.Garvan endocrinologist Paul Lee, who led the research, is optimistic about targeting brown fat as an obesity intervention, commenting "it's a highly metabolically active form of fat, and very exciting that we may be able to stimulate its growth in people."People are born with supplies of brown fat around their neckline to keep them warm as infants, according to scientists at GIMR.Scientists now know that brown fat is present in most, if not all, adults mainly just behind the collarbone.Studies have found that adults with brown fat are slimmer than those without."Although this is early work, it is a proof of concept study showing that the growth of brown fat cells is possible, using precursor cells taken from adult humans, under appropriate stimulation," Lee said."Regardless of whether or not someone has lots of or little brown fat, the precursor cells are universally present. Under the appropriate growth factor and hormonal stimulation, the cells all grow and differentiate into mature brown fat cells."However, Lee warned more work was needed.Lee said even if brown fat was transplanted into obese people or drugs developed to stimulate the growth of brown fat, exercise and a healthy diet would still be crucial to aiding weight loss."So I don't think this is a solution to obesity because there are so many other factors (involved in obesity)," he said."Despite how efficient brown fat is at burning energy, we would only need a few doughnuts to diminish or negate its benefits."Lee said it would be years before tests could be carried out on brown fat transplants.In the meantime, he is expanding his study to test different ways to grow brown fat.His study, to be printed in the October issue of Endocrinology, has been published in the online edition of the journal.

BEIJING, Sept. 28 (Xinhua) -- Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong met here on Wednesday with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp.Liu praised Intel's development strategy of expanding investment in China and showed appreciation for the company's support of the development of China's education sector as well as its commitment to good corporate citizenship.She briefed Otellini on China's 12th Five-Year Plan, the recent developments in education and the mechanism for China-U.S. High-level Consultation on People-to-People Exchange.Chinese State Councilor Liu Yandong (R) meets with Paul Otellini, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of U.S. computer chip giant Intel Corp, in Beijing, capital of China, Sept. 28, 2011.She said bilateral people-to-people exchanges have made great achievements, with extensive consensuses reached on cooperation in the areas of education, science and technology, culture, sports, women and youth in the last two years.She hoped Intel will give full play to its advantages and deepen cooperation with China's Ministry of Education, so as to make new contributions to bilateral people-to-people exchanges.

BEIJING, Sept. 21 (Xinhuanet) -- China will launch an unmanned module next week, paving the way for a planned space station, a spokesman for the space program said on Tuesday.Tiangong-1, or "Heavenly Palace 1", will blast off from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu province between Sept 27 and 30, the spokesman said.The 8.5-ton module, and the Long March II-F rocket that will carry it skyward, were positioned onto the launch pad on Tuesday, signaling that the project has entered the final preparation stage."Scientists will conduct final tests in the next few days before injecting propellants for the launch," Cui Jijun, director of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, said.The program spokesman said that Tiangong-1 will serve as "a target spacecraft" for rendezvous and docking experiments.It will also work as "a platform to test long-term unmanned and short-term manned operations", he said.Technical and medical experiments will provide crucial data ahead of the building of the space station (scheduled for 2020).Three rendezvous and docking experiments will be conducted.An unmanned Shenzhou-VIII craft will be launched later this year to dock with Tiangong-1. In 2012, Shenzhou IX and Shenzhou X will blast off to complete at least one manned docking.Jiao Weixin, a space scientist at Peking University, said that rendezvous and docking - vital maneuvers for manned programs - are hard to master."Rendezvous and docking are difficult because it is like asking two racing cars to keep a distance of 1 meter between them," he said.The mission requires two craft, traveling at speeds of 28,000 km/h, to enter the same orbit and connect with precision, he said.The China Manned Space Engineering Office rescheduled the launch of Tiangong-1 after the failed launch of an experimental orbiter last month.The spokesman said that the carrier rocket to blast off with Tiangong-1 atop has been modified.Only the United States and Russia have mastered rendezvous and docking technology, said Pang Zhihao, deputy editor-in-chief of the magazine Space International.Spacecraft developed by Europe and Japan have utilized US and Russian technology to dock with the International Space Station, he added.