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MOSCOW, Aug. 26 (Xinhua) -- Russia will carry out two unmanned test launches of Soyuz carrier rockets in the coming fall before delivering crews to the International Space Station (ISS), local media reported on Friday.Citing a source, RIA Novosti news agency said that one of the Soyuz rockets was scheduled to send a new Progress M-13M space freighter to the ISS.On Wednesday, a Progress M-12M cargo ship failed to reach the orbit after the engine of a Soyuz-U carrier rocket turned off during the ascend. Soon after the accident, Russia announced it will temporarily ground all Soyuz rockets.Due to the accident, Russian space authorities have put off Thursday's launch of a Soyuz-2 carrier rocket from the Plesetsk Space Center in northern Russia and a launch of a manned space ship from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan.After the retirement of the U.S. shuttle fleet, Russia's Soyuz spacecrafts have become the only way for astronauts to reach the ISS until at least the middle of the decade.

MOSCOW, Aug. 6 (Xinhua) -- The Arctic is getting warmer at a fast pace with the Russian Arctic sector's ice areas contracting to historically low levels, according to Russian meteorological bureau Rosgidromet.According to a Rosgidromet report cited by Itar-Tass news agency Saturday, the polar cap in the Russian sector has shrunk to the historical low registered in 2007, with no ice expected to block the Northern Seaway at least until September."Currently, Arctic navigation conditions are very favorable. By early August, navigation can be done without icebreakers almost along the entire route," said Valery Martyshchenko, head of Rosgidromet's environment pollution monitoring department.According to the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, the current ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is 6,860 million square kilometers, way below average.Martyshchenko said the longer period of icebreaker-free navigation would benefit the regions located in the Arctic area, allowing longer access to food and energy supplies, but the warming of the climate also posed new threats, such as melting of ice and forming of icebergs.

BEIJING, Sept. 25 (Xinhua) -- As China's economy has soared to the second place in the world, the country's scientific strength has also surged -- if only measured by the numbers.Chinese researchers published more than 1.2 million papers from 2006 to 2010 -- second only to the United States but well ahead of Britain, Germany and Japan, according to data recently published by Elsevier, a leading international scientific publisher and data provider. This figure represents a 14 percent increase over the period from 2005 to 2009.The number of published academic papers in science and technology is often seen as a gauge of national scientific prowess.But these impressive numbers mask an uncomfortable fact: most of these papers are of low quality or have little impact. Citation per article (CPA) measures the quality and impact of papers. China's CPA is 1.47, the lowest figure among the top 20 publishing countries, according to Elsevier's Scopus citation database.China's CPA dropped from 1.72 for the period from 2005 to 2009, and is now below emerging countries such as India and Brazil. Among papers lead-authored by Chinese researchers, most citations were by domestic peers and, in many cases, were self-citations."While quantity is an important indicator because it gives a sense of scientific capacity and the overall level of scientific activity in any particular field, citations are the primary indicator of overall scientific impact," said Daniel Calto, Director of SciVal Solutions at Elsevier North America.Calto attributed China's low CPA to a "dilution effect.""When the rise in the number of publications is so rapid, as it has been in China -- increasing quantity does not necessarily imply an overall increase in quality," said Calto.He noted the same pattern in a variety of rapidly emerging research countries such as India, Brazil, and earlier in places like the Republic of Korea."Chinese researchers are too obsessed with SCI (Science Citation Index), churning out too many articles of low quality," said Mu Rongping, Director-General of the Institute of Policy and Management at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's major think tank.SCI is one of the databases used by Chinese researchers to look-up their citation performance. The alternative, Scopus, provides a wider coverage worldwide."Chinese researchers from a wide range of areas and institutions are vying for publication, as it is a key criterion for academic appraisal in China, if not the only one. As a result, the growth of quality pales in comparison to that of quantity," said Mu, an expert on China's national science policy and competitiveness.On the other hand, China also falls behind the United States in multidisciplinary research, which is a core engine for scientific advance and research excellence.From 2006 to 2010, China published 1,229,706 papers while the United States churned out 2,082,733. According to a new metric introduced by Elsevier's Spotlight research assessment solution, China generated 885 competencies while the United States had 1,817.In other words, China's total research output is more than half that of the United States, while the number of competencies showing China's strength in multidisciplinary research is less than half that of the United States.Cong Cao, an expert on China's science and technology, put it more bluntly in an article he wrote: "When the paper bubble bursts, which will happen sooner or later, one may find that the real situation of scientific research in China probably is not that rosy."China has been investing heavily in scientific research and technological development in recent years to strengthen its innovative capacity, The proportion of GDP spent on R&D grew from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 1.4 percent in 2007, according to the World Bank.An IMF forecast in 2010 says China now ranks second globally in R&D spending. The IMF calculates China's R&D expenditure at 150 billion U.S. dollars when based on Purchasing Power Parity, a widely used economic concept that attempts to equalize differences in standard of living among countries.By this measure, China surpassed Japan in R&D spending in 2010.Many see China's huge investment in R&D as the momentum behind the country's explosive increase in research papers."Getting published is, in some ways, an improvement over being unable to get published," Mu said. "But the problem is, if the papers continue to be of low quality for a long time, it will be a waste of resources."In China, academic papers play a central role in the academic appraisal system, which is closely related to degrees and job promotions.While acknowledging the importance of academic papers in research, Mu believes a more balanced appraisal system should be adopted. "This is a problem with science management. If we put too much focus on the quantity of research papers, we leave the job of appraisal to journal editors."In China, the avid pursuit of publishing sometimes gives rise to scientific fraud. In the most high-profile case in recent years, two lecturers from central China's Jinggangshan University were sacked in 2010 after a journal that published their work admitted 70 papers they wrote over two years had been falsified."This is one of the worst cases. These unethical people not only deceived people to further their academic reputations, they also led academic research on the wrong path, which is a waste of resources," Mu said.A study done by researchers at Wuhan University in 2010 says more than 100 million U.S. dollars changes hands in China every year for ghost-written academic papers. The market in buying and selling scientific papers has grown five-fold in the past three years.The study says Chinese academics and students often buy and sell scientific papers to swell publication lists and many of the purported authors never write the papers they sign. Some master's or doctoral students are making a living by churning out papers for others. Others mass-produce scientific papers in order to get monetary rewards from their institutions.A 2009 survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) of 30,078 people doing science-related work shows that nearly one-third of respondents attributed fraud to the current system that evaluates researchers' academic performance largely on the basis of how many papers they write and publish.Despite rampant fraud, China will continue to inject huge money into science. According to the latest national science guideline, which was issued in 2006 by the State Council, the investment in R&D will account for 2.5 percent of GDP in 2020."If China achieves its stated goal of investing 2.5 percent of its GDP in R&D in 2020, and sustains its very fast economic growth over the next decade, it would quite likely pass the U.S. in terms of total R&D investment sometime in the late 2010s," said Calto, adding that it is also quite likely that at some point China will churn out more papers than the United States.According to Calto, China does mostly applied research, which helps drive manufacturing and economic growth, while basic research only accounts for 6 percent, compared with about 35 percent in Germany, Britain, and the United States, and 16 percent in Japan."In the long term, in order to really achieve dominance in any scientific area, I think it will be necessary to put significant financial resources into fundamental basic research -- these are the theoretical areas that can drive the highest level of innovation," Calto said.

WASHINGTON, Sept. 27 (Xinhua) -- Debris from NASA's decommissioned Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) that crashed to Earth on Saturday fell harmlessly in a remote area of the South Pacific Ocean, NASA said on Tuesday.According to the space agency, the Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California has determined the satellite entered the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean at 14.1 degrees south latitude and 170.2 west longitude at midnight EDT Saturday. The debris field is located between 300 miles and 800 miles downrange, or generally northeast of the re-entry point."This location is over a broad, remote ocean area in the Southern Hemisphere, far from any major land mass," NASA announced, adding that it is "not aware of any possible debris sightings from this geographic area."NASA scientists estimated a 1-in-3,200 chance a satellite part could hit someone on earth. Therefore, any individual's odds of being struck are about one in 21 trillion.The UARS satellite, launched in 1991 from a space shuttle, was the first multi-instrumented satellite to observe numerous chemical constituents of the atmosphere with a goal of better understanding atmospheric photochemistry and transport.

CANBERRA, Aug. 29 (Xinhua) -- An Australia report released on Monday draws a direct link between inaction on climate change and long-term social and mental health problems.The Climate Institute report, A Climate of Suffering: The Real Cost of Living with Inaction on Climate Change, points that in the wake of extreme weather in Australia, such as cyclones and droughts, there is an increase in depression, anxiety, post- traumatic stress and substance abuse.As many as one in five people reported "emotional injury, stress and despair" in the wake of these events.The report also warns continuing catastrophic weather events are creating anxiety and insecurity for children at levels not seen since the Cold War.It claims one in 10 children of primary school age showed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after Cyclone Larry in 2006.According to Professor Ian Hickie, from the Brain & Mind Institute, regional and remote communities are most vulnerable to the impact of climate change.He said a recent study of rural New South Wales where, following the long drought, self-harm and suicide rose by up to eight percent."I think what we are seeing now is a much more significant counting of not just the short-term costs and reactions but the longer-term costs, the loss of community cohesion and that being essential to people's long-term mental health," Professor Hickie."The drought was a particularly instructive event for everyone in Australia and we saw a lot of focus for the first time on the mental health effects, particularly suicides in rural families, the effect on rural communities of prolonged examples of weather change," Hickie said.Climate Institute chief executive John Connor said that not only did natural disasters cost taxpayers about nine billion U.S. dollars last year, but there are also damaging Australia's social fabric.He said that with Australian regions increasingly exposed to extreme weather, recognizing and managing the risks of climate change is essential, and it is an insurance policy to protect Australia's communities.The study came as the political and social debate over Australian federal government's proposed carbon tax intensifies.In 2007, a report by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) projected the effects of various greenhouse gas emission scenarios for 2030, 2050 and 2070.It said droughts were likely to become more frequent, fire danger was set to increase and tropical cyclones were likely to become more intense.

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