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LOS ANGELES, May 5 (Xinhua) -- NASA has selected three planetary missions from which it will pick one potential mission to look at Mars' interior for the first time, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Thursday.The Mars mission, to be launched in 2016, would be led by JPL, according to the announcement.The other two missions would study an extraterrestrial sea on one of Saturn's moons; or study in unprecedented detail the surface of a comet's nucleus, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.The selected investigations could reveal much about the formation of our solar system and its dynamic processes, JPL said.Each mission will receive three million dollars to conduct its mission's concept phase or preliminary design studies and analyses, JPL said in a news release.After another detailed review in 2012 of the concept studies, NASA will select one to continue development efforts leading up to launch. The selected mission will be cost-capped at 425 million dollars, not including launch vehicle funding, according to JPL.NASA's Discovery Program requested proposals for spaceflight investigations in June 2010. A panel of NASA and other scientists and engineers reviewed 28 submissions."NASA continues to do extraordinary science that is re-writing textbooks," said NASA Administrator Charles Bolden. "Missions like these hold great promise to vastly increase our knowledge, extend our reach into the solar system and inspire future generations of explorers."

WASHINGTON, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment in people infected with HIV prevents them from transmitting the virus to their partners, according to findings released Thursday from a large-scale international clinical study.The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether antiretroviral drugs can prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. The results are the first of their kind from a major randomized clinical trial.Led by Myron Cohen, of the University of North Carolina, the research found that treating HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their immune systems are still relatively healthy led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to their partners.This critical new finding convincingly demonstrates that early treatment of infected individuals can have a major impact on the spread of the epidemic.Study investigators enrolled 1,763 couples who were not eligible for ART by WHO standards in nine countries around the world. All couples were at least 18 years of age. The vast majority of the couples (97 percent) were heterosexual, which precludes any definitive conclusions about effectiveness in men who have sex with men.Couples were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. In the first group, the HIV-infected partner initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as the couple enrolled in the study (the immediate treatment group); in the second group, infected partners did not begin ART until their CD4+ counts fell to between 200 and 250 cells/mm3 or they developed an AIDS-related illness (the delayed treatment group). Couples in both groups received HIV primary care, counseling and condoms.Results of this research study, which was scheduled to conclude in 2015, are being released early, after the independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) determined that the benefits of early treatment were clear.

TIANJIN, April 16 (Xinhua) -- As China tries to establish a universal medicare umbrella, its first move to offer treatment to all the hemophilia patients in the country is to know their population and where they are.China's national hemophilia information management center registered 7,980 cases nationwide since its establishment last year in a bid to provide reference for making national treatment policies and medicine production quota, said the center officials Saturday.Yang Renchi with the center and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, said that the patient information database will help the government make hemophilia-related medical and social welfare policies, optimize resources and guide the manufacturing of drugs such as coagulation factor VIII.The information center, created by the Ministry of Health, is located in the Blood Diseases Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in the port city Tianjin in north China.Hemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly, resulting in easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from trauma. Lack of treatment can lead to permanent disabilities or even death.China is estimated to have roughly 100,000 hemophilia patients."Be inspired; get involved in Treatment for All" is the theme for the 22nd World Hemophilia Day, which falls on Sunday, April 17."A necessary precondition for 'Treatment for All' is to know the clinical information and location of each case," said Yang, "and this is exactly what the information system does."In addition, China plans to establish hospital-based provincial hemophilia management centers within five years across the country to register and monitor patients and standardize disease diagnosis and treatment under the information system.SHORTAGE OF DRUGSBlood-derived coagulation factor VIII and recombinant coagulation factor VIII are two effective drugs which are vital for hemophiliacs. However, the drugs are expensive and produced in limited quantities, a difficulty which hundreds of thousands of hemophiliacs in China have to confront.According to Yang, the minimum dose of coagulation factor VIII for prevention of bleeding episodes is two international units (IU) per kg of weight a day. A 50-kg hemophilia patient needs at least 36,500 IU of factor VIII every year to prevent bleeding."Each IU of blood-derived coagulation factor VIII costs about 3 yuan(0.46 U.S. dollars) and the annual cost is almost 120,000 yuan. The recombinant one is almost twice the price," said Yang.Only four drug firms are qualified to manufacture blood-derived coagulation factor VIII in China. The national output in 2010 was 400,000 vials (200 IU per vial) which means 80 million IU for the entire country.Wu Runhui, a hematology specialist with the Beijing Children's Hospital, said that the minimum dose is only for the prevention of bleeding episodes which are required to keep the patient alive. For the hemophiliac to live a regular lifestyle, 3,000 IU per kilo a year is needed, which would cost half a million yuan a year."Even in the most developed countries, a hemophiliac cannot survive without supportive medical policies and social welfare system," said Wu.

JINAN, May 14 (Xinhua) -- Chinese scientists said Saturday that they have found a new species of giant theropod dinosaur in the eastern province of Shandong.The new species, described as a close relative of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), has been named "Zhuchengtyrannus magnus". Paleontological experts found it has unique upper jawbones after examining the skull and jawbones discovered in the city of Zhucheng.It was estimated to be about 11 meters long and 4 meters tall, weighing close to 7 tonnes."We discovered two kinds of tyrannosaurus fossils here and the identity of the other one still remains unclear," said Xu Xing, a researcher at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences."We've named the new genus Zhuchengtyrannus magnus, which means the 'Tyrant from Zhucheng' because the bones were found in Zhucheng," Xu said.The bones were a few centimeters smaller than the similar bones in the largest T. Rex specimen, so there was no doubt that Zhuchengtyrannus was a huge tyrannosaur, Xu said.According to Xu, Zhuchengtyrannus magnus belonged to a specialized group of gigantic theropods called tyrannosaurines which existed in North America and eastern Asia during the Late Cretaceous Period that dated back about 65 to 99 million years.All tyrannosaurs were carnivorous, bipedal animals that generally had small arms and large skulls. Among the tyrannosaurs, the tyrannosaurines were the largest and characterized by having just two fingers on each hand and large powerful jaws to deliver a bone crushing bite. They were likely both predators and scavengers.The fossil quarry in Zhucheng contains one of the largest concentrations of dinosaur bones in the world. At least 10 dinosaur species have been found in three rounds of excavations since the 1960s, including Tyrannosaurus and Hadrosaurs.

SAN FRANCISCO, March 8 (Xinhua) -- Google on Tuesday released a new stable version of its Chrome web browser, which the company said is speedier, simpler and safer."With today's stable release, even your most complex web apps will run more quickly and responsively in the browser," Tim Steele, a Google software engineer, said in a blog post announcing the release.The new version of Chrome features a simpler settings page that opens in a tab rather than a dialog box, and contains a search box showing users the settings they are looking for while they type.Users can also synchronize passwords in the browser across their computers, and will be able to encrypt those passwords for extra security.Google said that the latest Chrome browser provides additional layer of protection against malicious web pages, with the extended application of sandboxing technology.The browser can be downloaded for free, and current Chrome users will be automatically updated to the new version soon, Google said.