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WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.

BEIJING, Nov. 25 (Xinhua) -- The Ministry of Commerce (MOC) said Friday that it will start an investigation into the U.S. government's policy support and subsidies for its renewable energy sector over trade barrier concerns.The MOC will look into six renewable energy programs concerning wind, solar and hydroelectric energy in the states of Washington, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey and California, the MOC said in a statement posted on its website.The investigation was applied for by the China Chamber of Commerce for Imports and Exports of Machinery and Electronic Products, as well as the new energy chamber of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce."The applicants argued that the U.S. government's policy support and subsidies for its renewable energy industry constitute a trade barrier, as they violate the rules of the World Trade Organization and have hindered and restricted the development of China's renewable energy sector," the statement said.The applicants requested the elimination of any negative influence from the U.S. government's policy support and subsidies in order to maintain a fair trade environment, according to the statement.The investigation will end before May 25, 2012, although it may be extended to August 25, 2012 under special circumstances, according to the statement.

WELLINGTON, Oct. 26 (Xinhua) -- New Zealand's geothermal scientists will be collaborating with the world's leading geothermal researchers after the country joins an elite international group next month.New Zealand would be admitted to the International Partnership for Geothermal Technology (IPGT) in Melbourne, Australia, on Nov. 16, Science and Innovation Minister Wayne Mapp announced Wednesday."Geothermal energy is one of our most important renewable energy resources with huge potential for growth," said Mapp."This recognition of our geothermal research programs will allow our scientists to collaborate with an elite group of researchers in the United States, Australia, Switzerland and Iceland."Scientists from New Zealand research organizations were committed to finding new ways to harness the country's extensive geothermal fields, said Mapp."Innovation and clean energy is a big part of enabling New Zealand to grow the economy," said Mapp."This new international partnership will help keep us at the forefront of technology developments such as enhanced geothermal systems."Established in 2008, the IPGT seeks to develop advanced, cost- effective geothermal energy technologies through international research co-operation.New Zealand's geothermal electricity generation rose by 21 percent last year and accounted for 13 percent of total electricity generation, its highest recorded level.The government is aiming to expand geothermal energy with three large geothermal projects in the pipeline by 2020.The country's biggest geothermal project is to be Contact Energy's 250-megawatt Tauhara II geothermal project.The project, being developed northeast of the central North Island town of Taupo, is expected to produce enough electricity to meet the needs of around 270,000 homes when it becomes fully operational in 2015.

HAIFA, Israel, Oct. 5 (Xinhua) -- "It's a big day, a celebration shared by Israel, science and the entire world," Israeli researcher Daniel Shechtman, who won the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, said here at a press conference at the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology.Shechtman, 70, has spent the past five decades at Technion. He is also an associate at the Ames Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy and has lectured at universities abroad."Thousands of scientists are currently researching the subject I developed and I'm sure that all of them view the prize as their accomplishment too," he told Xinhua, adding that, "Science (in general) wouldn't be here and be as prosperous and intricate as it is if not for the work of thousands of others around the world."The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences on Wednesday announced Shechtman as the winner of this year's Nobel chemistry prize for his cutting-edge research on quasicrystals, a type of atom form that for decades was considered impossible by the global scientific community.The award panel explained that Shechtman's work, launched in early 1980s, has revolutionized the perception of solid matter.His work forced crstyallographers to revamp their basic conception that atoms inside crystals only have repeating and symmetrical patterns.Shechtman is the 10th Israeli scientist to win the Nobel Prize and the fourth to win the prize in chemistry.Ada Yonat, a researcher at the Weizmann Institute near Tel Aviv, received the chemistry prize in 2009.The announcement from Stockholm captured headlines in Israel, drawing praise from the country's leadership, who said Shechtman's achievement is a testament to the Jewish state's stature as a technological powerhouse.Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the winning of the Nobel Prize "expresses our people's intellect.""Every Israeli citizen is happy today and every Jew in the world is proud," a statement issued by Netanyahu's office quoted him as telling the scientist in a telephone call.Israeli President Shimon Peres, who is also a Nobel laureate, later called to congratulate Shechtman."You demonstrate that a thinking person who is hardworking and brave can make groundbreaking scientific discoveries," he said.