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LOS ANGELES, June 5 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have developed two new drugs that can prolong the lives of patients with advanced melanoma, it was announced on Sunday.Research on both drugs was presented at the on-going annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago, according to HealthDay News.This is the first big news in years for treatment of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer and one that is notoriously difficult to treat, let alone cure, the report said.The first treatment, vemurafenib, inhibits a gene mutation harbored in half of all melanoma patients, but is not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.The other drug, Yervoy (ipilumumab), is an immune system therapy that won approval in March."The March FDA approval of ipilumumab (Yervoy) was the first new drug approval for melanoma in 13 years," said Tim Turnham, executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation.The two drugs were developed by researchers at Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, the report said."This is really a huge step toward personalized care in melanoma," Dr. Paul Chapman, lead author of the first study and the attending physician in the melanoma/sarcoma service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, said in a statement. "This (vemurafenib) is the first successful melanoma treatment tailored to patients who carry a specific gene mutation in their tumor, and could eventually become one of only two drugs available that improves overall survival in advanced cancers.""Having two trials that show a benefit in survival in patients with melanoma, both of these in first-line settings -- we weren't here just a few years ago," said Dr. Stephen Hodi, director of the Melanoma Center at Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "These are huge, paradigm-shifting results for the field."In the vemurafenib trial, sponsored by the drug's makers, researchers randomly assigned 675 patients with advanced, inoperable melanoma to receive either the chemotherapy drug dacarbazine or vemurafenib. Vemurafenib targets the V600E mutation in the BRAF gene.At the three-month mark, patients taking vemurafenib were 63 percent less likely to die and 74 percent less likely to die or see their cancer return, compared to patients taking dacarbazine alone.Few patients had side effects in the vemurafenib group, although some did develop squamous cell carcinoma, a less dangerous form of skin cancer.This is the first drug that has been proven superior to chemotherapy in this group of hard-to-treat patients, the researchers said."There was such a substantial benefit that we recommended that patients cross over," Chapman said at a Sunday news briefing. "It' s unprecedented to report a trial this early. The median follow-up time was three months." Yet the differences between the two groups became evident almost immediately.Dr. Lynn Schuchter, co-moderator of the briefing and division chief of hematology-oncology at Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, said symptoms subsided in some patients almost immediately, enabling them to cut back on pain medication in just 72 hours."The median time to progression with dacarbazine was 1.6 months versus three months with vemurafenib, which is a huge difference," said Chapman.In the second study, about 500 patients were randomly picked to receive Yervoy plus dacarbazine or dacarbazine alone.Those taking both drugs lived a median of 11.2 months compared to 9.1 months for those taking dacarbazine alone. Time to recurrence of disease was about the same for both groups: 2.8 months and 2.6 months, respectively.Almost half of those taking the combination therapy were alive after one year, compared to 36.3 percent in the other group. After two years, the rates were 28.5 percent and 17.9 percent, respectively.By three years out, 20.8 percent of those in the combination group were alive compared with 12.2 percent of those taking chemotherapy alone.This is the first study to combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy both safely and effectively.A study to test vemurafenib in combination with Yervoy has already begun, according to HealthDay News.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 4 (Xinhua) -- Observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced Thursday.Dark, finger-like features appear and extend down some Martian slopes during late spring through summer, fade in winter, and return during the next spring. Repeated observations have tracked the seasonal changes in these recurring features on several steep slopes in the middle latitudes of Mars' southern hemisphere."The best explanation for these observations so far is the flow of briny water," said Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona, Tucson.McEwen is the principal investigator for the orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment and lead author of a report about the recurring flows to be published in Friday's edition of the journal Science.Seven such sites on the planet have been confirmed, with 20 more possible, McEwen said."What makes these new observations so interesting is they occur at much lower latitudes where temperatures are much warmer and where it's actually possible for liquid water to exist," said Arizona State University geophysicist Phil Christensen, one of the scientists who studied the images beamed back from the orbiter.The study does not prove water exists, but identifies it as the best explanation. It's worthwhile to think about alternative reasons for these observations, but none seems to fit as well as briny water, McEwen said."I think it's going to be laboratory experiments on Earth that give us the best confirmation or refutation," he said.

NAIROBI, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- The World Health Organization (WHO) on Thursday decried increased number of confirmed cholera cases in the Somalian capital Mogadishu, and growing reports of acute watery diarrhea in Kismayo and other crowded urban centers, saying an urgent multi-sector response to contain the spread of this highly contagious disease is being mounted.The UN health agency said has confirmed cholera in Banadir, Bay, Mudug and Lower Shabelle regions and the number of acute watery diarrhea cases has increased dramatically in the last few months.WHO Representative for Somalia Marthe Everard said combination of poor sanitation conditions, a shortage of safe water, overcrowding and high malnutrition rates, creates the perfect combination for infectious diseases, such as cholera and pneumonia, to spread and increase the number of deaths. "For the last few years, a network of health workers reporting to the early warning system is in place, however they report through a health facility or mobile clinic. Yet the large numbers of displaced people in Mogadishu are making it more difficult to record the various diseases," Everard said in a statement issued in Nairobi. "We urgently need more mobile clinics that will provide basic health care services to the many displaced and who will strengthen the reporting on new outbreaks. This is critical to our response and our ability to save lives."According to WHO, about seventy-five percent of all cases of acute watery diarrhea are children under the age of five.Since January this year, 4,272 cases of acute watery diarrhea/ cholera have been reported in Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu alone. However, at this stage most of the cholera cases in the various regions are contained and under control. "Our major concern is to monitor and detect new disease outbreaks in the many informal settlements set up by internally displaced people in and around Mogadishu", says Everard.Although cholera is endemic in the country, the last major cholera outbreak was in 2007 with an estimated 67,000 cases.WHO said recent efforts to cholrinate the water supply of Mogadishu, along with efforts to improve hygiene and sanitation have prevented a serious outbreak but with the large influx of some 100,000 people alone this year into Mogadishu, bringing the total number of IDPs in the capital to an estimated 470,000, many are living in overcrowded settlements, there is an acute shortage of safe water and adequate sanitation. "There is no need for a child to die of diarrhea, yet this is tragic reality for a Somali child, who is acutely malnourished. It is a lethal combination." said Rozanne Chorlton, UNICEF Representative for Somalia. "These types of diseases can be prevented and treated quickly, but to save children's lives we need to make sure safe water, sanitation and hygiene along with early access to primary health care, are an integral part of our emergency response."WHO said partners in the health and water and sanitation sectors are currently preparing for a potential 100,000 cholera cases including 80,000 moderate cases and 20,000 severe cases.Emergency diarrheal disease kits made up of medical supplies such as syringes, infusions, and oral rehydration fluids (ORS), already prepositioned by UNICEF and WHO have been sent to 13 hospitals.An additional 200 diarrheal disease kits, each able to treat 100 severe cases and 400 moderate cases are being procured and should be in Southern Somalia in the next few weeks, it said.In addition, WHO said, the case management of severe dehydration with and without malnutrition is being strengthened and focus is now on mobilizing a network of already trained community health promoters to move from door to door with health hygiene education messages. "Health posts will be stocked with essential medicines and ORS to identify and promptly treat patients. Many of Southern Somalia' s rural areas and urban centers rely on shallow wells, which unless protected or treated with chlorine can serve as the perfect breeding ground for water borne diseases," it said.To respond to this threat and prevent a major outbreak, the UN health agency said partners in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector are scaling up their actions to target 1.5 million people across high risk areas of the south.Supplies of chlorine and essential items for hygiene and household treatment and storage of water are being distributed.Already 217 water sources are being chlorinated and 58 water point outlets benefitting 483,200 residents and internally displaced people in Mogadishu.In addition, household hygiene supplies, including water purification tablets, soap and buckets, enough for 48,000 families, are being distributed at existing feeding centers for malnourished children.Campaigns to educate families about the treatment of drinking water, safe disposal of waste and encourage hand washing with soap will also be scaled up in high risk communities.As part of the updated 2011 UN Consolidated Appeal for Somalia, an estimated 80 million U.S. dollars is needed for the health sector and 78 million dollars is required for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector.So far, each sector has respectively raised 30 percent and 37 percent of the required money.

BEIJING, July 11 (Xinhuanet) -- The pace of China's import growth in June fell to its lowest level in 20 months as tightening monetary policies kicked in, resulting in the biggest monthly trade surplus this year, official statistics show.Import growth is expected to slow in the coming months, thanks to the broad impact of the tightening measures, before picking up in the last quarter, economists predicted.According to the General Administration of Customs (GAC), imports rose 19.3 percent, from a year earlier, to 9.7 billion, the weakest since November 2009.Exports rose 17.9 percent and despite this being the smallest increase since last December they reached a record high of 1.9 billion.The decline in import growth has led to a widening trade surplus, .3 billion in June compared to .1 billion in May. But in the first six months the trade surplus dropped 18 percent, year-on-year, to .9 billion."Import growth was weaker than expected, as imports for China's processing trade weakened and de-stocking in heavy industry continued," Wang Tao, head of China Economic Research at UBS Securities, said."Recent commodity price drops, including crude oil, also helped lower the import bill," she added.June's net imports of crude oil fell 12 percent from May to 19.43 million metric tons, the lowest since October, amid refinery maintenance and slowing energy demand, according to the GAC figures."Decelerating economic growth and tightening measures to soak up market liquidity have reined in import growth, but it is not a cause for worry," Li Wei, an economist at Standard Chartered Shanghai, said.The government is expected to announce economic growth data for the second quarter on Wednesday. Gross domestic product growth is widely predicted to slow from 9.7 percent for the first quarter."The slowdown in import growth will last two to three months or even longer due to both falling demand and possible commodity price drops," Li said.Zhong Shan, vice-minister of commerce, said recently that imports will slow down in the second half, citing the government's measures to cool the economy.The central bank has raised interest rates five times since mid-October, with the latest on July 7, and increased the reserve requirements for commercial banks, the amount they have to set aside, nine times since November. The consumer price index, a major gauge of inflation, surged to 6.4 percent last month, the highest in three years.Zhao Fudi, GAC spokesman, said in an online broadcast on Sunday that higher prices are increasing inflationary pressure, leading to a 14.7 percent gain in the overall price of imported commodities in the first half.Imports surged 27.6 percent year-on-year to 9.4 billion from January to June, as commodity prices rose during the first half. Exports increased 17.9 percent in June, down from 19.4 percent in May."This is because of weaker external demand" from developed nations, Wang said.Exports increased 24 percent, year-on-year, to 4.3 billion during the first half, but exports to both the United States and the European Union, China's two major trading partners, rose by only 16.9 percent."The slow recovery of the global economy and the European debt crisis have added uncertainties to export growth," Zheng Yuesheng, head of the GAC statistics department, said.Lu Zhengwei, chief economist at Industrial Bank, believes that the March earthquake and tsunami in Japan hurt China's exports."The disaster cut off China's imports of parts and components used for mechanical and electrical goods, leading to a decline in those exports" which make up a majority of China's exports, Lu said.As Japanese manufacturers resume full production, or come close to it, in September, China's exports will regain momentum, he predicted.Li Wei agreed. "China's exports keep pace with the global economic recovery. And growth will probably see a turnaround in September" when orders for the Christmas season are usually made, Li said.Many companies in China's coastal regions are far from optimistic, citing rising costs in labor and raw materials and yuan appreciation, as well as shrinking demand abroad.Han Jie, deputy director general of the department of commerce in Zhejiang province, said "exporters in Zhejiang have experienced a disappointing first half, and the second half will not be better".

UNITED NATIONS, June 9 (Xinhua) -- Partners from UN agencies and governments, as well as civil society and the private sector gathered here Thursday to launch "Countdown to Zero: Global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive.""Governments and foundations that support this plan are saying: we treasure all life equally," said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon, who spoke at the event. "We give all people the best possible chance. We provide health care to all who need it."This new plan, which was formulated by a Global Task Team of more than 30 governments and 50 international and national organizations, aims to bring the number of new HIV infections in children to zero by the middle of the decade and help their mothers survive.The launch of Countdown to Zero came on the sidelines of the UN High-Level Meeting on AIDS, which runs from June 8-10, and has been an opportunity for participants to take stock of gains made in combating the disease and to agree on a declaration that will direct the actions of member states to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS over the next five years.Ban told the audience at the launch that history has proven that it is possible to make great strides in fighting HIV/AIDS, with the right amount of effort and coordination."Let us not forget that some regions have nearly achieved no new infections from mother to child," he said. "If we push hard, as we have committed today, with your continued help and with the will to do what is right for the world, we can spread this success to mothers everywhere."According to the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the rate of HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to child was been reduced by 26 percent from 2001 to 2009.Former U.S. President Bill Clinton, who spoke at the launch, said that he believes the time to eliminate HIV/AIDS in children is at hand."We are here because we all recognize that the time has finally come to end pediatric AIDS worldwide and we believe we can do it," he said. "We know we have the capacity to produce the medicine, we know that."Clinton emphasized the fact that HIV/AIDS is often prevalent in less developed countries. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region that has the most HIV/AIDS infected people."There are still too many kids who are born HIV-positive," he said. "Just 22 countries account for 90 percent of those pediatric infections."He said that there are not only moral reasons for wealthier countries to help these nations by investing in their HIV/AIDS responses, but that by doing so they increase their soft power -- influence that utilizes non-coercive measures."I think its important in a world where no one wants to look weak and the military justifiably has a claim on all of our budgets, we not forget that what my secretary-of-state often refers to as soft power issues, they have a bigger impact on our long term security," Clinton said. "I think that accounts in no small measure for the presence of leaders of global corporations here at this meeting today, they know this as well."Collaboration and close coordination of responses to HIV/AIDS, Clinton said, is also essential."There are still too many places where HIV and maternal and child health groups work completely separately," he said. "That dramatically reduces the likelihood that mothers are their babies will receive the full range of care. We simply have to all work together, both within governments and all of those who are trying to help to ensure that mothers get the drugs they should and that their babies are born without the virus."Clinton said that Goodluck Jonathan, president of Nigeria, who gave a statement at the launch as well, is an excellent example of the "strong political leadership and personal commitment" necessary to defeat HIV/AIDS and reach to goals set by the Countdown to Zero plan.In his speech, Jonathan said that Africa is has banded together through the Abuja Declaration, adopted in 2001, which turned attention and resources towards public health problems on the continent, particularly HIV/AIDS."That declaration was to make African countries spend at least 15 percent of their budget on their health sector and a reasonable percentage of this would be geared towards HIV prevention and control," he said.Budgeting shortfalls for fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa must be accounted for, Jonathan said, as African countries must not rely solely on donors to fund their responses."I intend to explore in the coming months in collaboration with colleagues in sub-Saharan Africa an effective and creative funding mechanism to ensure ownership and long terms sustainability of the HIV and AIDS response in Africa," he said.

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