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Sarah Fuller is ready to make history with @VandyFootball. pic.twitter.com/Ls7fNIKnYX— SEC Network (@SECNetwork) November 28, 2020 138

School fire drills became popular decades ago after several deadly fires triggered changes in safety codes. Today, teachers and children are preparing for something entirely different: mass shootings.A gunman tried to break into a remote Northern California elementary school on Tuesday but officials say, the quick action of school officials "saved countless lives and children."The building went on lockdown, a teacher rushed to block a classroom's door with a computer and students ducked under their desks. Those responses have become the new normal as more schools are being forced to adapt to more elaborate safety measures.Two thirds of schools in the US conduct active-shooter exercises and nearly all of them have a plan if a shooter comes into the school, the Government Accountability Office found in a recent survey of schools."I think everybody, no matter where you are, needs to think about this. If you're in a school, in a college, if you go to the movies we should all be thinking about what are we going to do if a crisis breaks out right here," said Christopher Combs, FBI special agent in charge, after last week's church massacre in Texas.This year, there has been about one mass shooting every single day, according to the Gun Violence Archive, a non-profit that tracks gun-related violence in the US.'You might lock down, you might try to escape'Sara Rounds and her colleagues recently took part in a series of simulated active-shooter scenarios at their western Indiana school."When I did enter teaching, you know, this was not a thought in my head. But this is where we are now," Rounds, a first grade teacher at Jackson Township Elementary in Clay County, Indiana told CNN affiliate WTHI.Through training programs like ALICE -- Alert, lockdown, inform, counter and evacuate -- Rounds and other teachers are learning how to barricade doors with desks and chairs, run away from gunfire and throw everything from pencils to staplers at a potential shooter."It's not really defense techniques, it's not martial arts of any kind. It basically just gives them options," Jeffrey Fritz, the Indiana school's superintendent told CNN affiliate WTHI."You might alert, you might lock down, you might try to escape, it just depends on the situation," he added.But training teachers is just the first step. The school plans to teach students how to make choices during an active shooter situation."We are going to teach this to the kids in a very kind way, not using harsh words, kid friendly, so I think our kids will really grasp on to this," Rounds said. "This is nothing new here to society, it's in the news a lot. They understand what our world is going through unfortunately."Don't freeze, have a planThose who plan for an active shooting situation are more likely to react quickly rather than freeze, said Katherine Schweit, a former senior FBI official and an active shooter expert."We're not talking about making a decision on what to make for dinner. We're making a decision on how to survive," she said.During the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 and the 9/11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York, people delayed evacuations or denied the possible danger rather than respond, according to a 2013 report released by the Federal Emergency Management Agency."People freeze. And if you train yourself to work past freezing, past the moment of hesitation, you save your life. Or you save a life of another," Schweit added.It is recommended that if possible, Schweit said, that victims caught in shootings run as fast and far as possible."I'm a total believer in run, run, run if you can (to) safety. Because you can't get killed if you're not there. But if you have to hide or fight, you have to be prepared to do that," she added.Other security measuresActive shooter training is relatively new in some schools across the US. For years, schools have employed school safety officers, lockdown drills and implemented security systems that require visitors to sign-in and produce photo IDs.After the Columbine shooting in 1999, schools installed metal detectors and shifted restrooms away from entryways. While just a few weeks ago, a private school in Florida began selling bulletproof panels for its students' backpacks.Schools across the country have also created "threat-assessment teams" to prevent shootings by identifying behaviors like mental illness, drug abuse and disruptive conduct in students.Initially, all Virginia public schools were required by law to create those task forces. But now, dozens of schools across the country have adopted the practice.In 2002, Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas created the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT) in partnership with several Central Texas law enforcement agencies to address the need for active shooter training.Since its creation, more than 85,000 law enforcement officers have been trained through the program.  4943

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Tommy Pham hit a go-ahead single in the 10th inning after Trent Grisham began at second base under baseball's new extra-innings rule, and the San Diego Padres beat the San Francisco Giants 12-7.Pinch-hitter Greg Garcia added a key two-run single against Tyler Rogers in the big six-run 10th.The Padres' bullpen couldn't hold a late lead for the second straight game but San Diego was still able to hold on this time.The Padres have won seven of their last 11 series in San Francisco and two in a row dating to late last season. 557

School districts across the country are being tasked with opening their campuses safely. Social distancing is a big part of that, but limited spacing at schools and a lack of available teachers is making that difficult."We are also having our students wear masks, as well, to keep our students and our staff healthy. I worked with superintendents across the state to compare plans and what they're following. Most of us are trying to keep that three foot distancing facing forward when possible and six foot distancing when we can, as well," said Jonathon Cooper, the Superintendent of Mason City Schools in Ohio. Cooper said each level of his district's plan aligns with the levels of coronavirus cases in their community. For example, if COVID-19 levels rise to a certain level, the district will move to having students in class only a couple days a week."The way that it is structured, is it’s every other day and so it creates consistency for our families and it allows our teachers to have 50% of the class in person that they can concentrate on, get them set up for the next day while the other 50% of their class comes in. It allows them to spread out in their classroom," Cooper explained.Many public school districts say they're dealing with reduced budgets, so hiring new teachers to ensure smaller class sizes is not a possibility. Plus, a lot of educators say even if they could hire teachers right now, there are not enough qualified candidates."This COVID-19 health crisis has really exposed inequities in many of our public institutions and definitely in our education system and it shows the reason why we don’t have that pool of new up and coming educators," said Manuel Bonilla, the president of the Fresno Teachers Association in California."We see it in all the documents from federal to state to local, that physical distancing is one of the things that needs to take place and we just don’t have the manpower to do so with teacher shortage," Bonilla said. He adds that many of the roughly 4,000 teachers in his city don't even feel comfortable taking on face-to-face learning in the classroom this fall. "When you just take a look at the CDC guidelines, the state guidelines and the local guidelines as to what you need in order to return safely in a classroom, physical setting, we know that by the start of school date we just can't do that," Bonilla said.And if teachers get sick, it may be hard or unsafe to find replacements. Bonilla is concerned with the availability and willingness of substitute teachers during this time. "See and that’s one of the points in regards to substitute teachers and the physical reopening of schools. When you take a look at the qualifications of quarantine and the subs moving from place to place and it's by the nature of their position they might be in different areas or causing that unsafe atmosphere just because there will be different contact points," says Bonilla.Districts are also worried that any lack of protections for teachers could further impact a teacher shortage.Back in Ohio, Cooper said, "We're also losing funding really quickly from our state. We’ve lost .2 million in the last four months. So when you’re losing money, you’re doing these amazingly new strategies to keep everybody safe and things we’ve never done before so we’re writing the script as we go,"The superintendent adds that many education administrators nationwide are leaning on each other now more than ever to make the right decisions when it comes to reopening schools this fall. 3541

Scientists, doctors and the public are eagerly waiting to hear how effective a COVID-19 vaccine will be and how soon it could be available to everyone. But when the vaccine is ready, some will be racing to be first in line, while others will be cautiously waiting to see how it plays out."Only about half of people get a flu vaccination polls are showing. In terms of the coronavirus, that’s saying that a third to maybe as much as half of the population will not want to get a vaccine," said Arthur Evans, the CEO of the American Psychological Association.Evans is concerned about whether people will be willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine when it comes out. How people are educated about the upcoming vaccine will be crucial."Right now, I think there are a lot of people who want to take a vaccine and to get a vaccine, but if people feel that this has been rushed, that they don’t feel all of the normal safety measures have been taken, it's going to be much harder for people to take that step," explained Evans.Dr. Bali Pulendran, a pathology, microbiology and immunology professor at Stanford University, says just because a COVID-19 vaccine is being expedited doesn't mean it's any less safe."It's a very established, lengthy process. It’s expedited now because of certain technologies such as the mRNA technology that really helps you accelerate this process," said Dr. Pulendran.He says the creation of a vaccine is rigorously tested, first with mice, then primates, and finally, humans. Tens of thousands of people are currently choosing to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials."And so, this is a development and paradigm that has served vaccinology really well. It's really served it well in terms of enabling the licensure of some 20 or more vaccines," said Dr. Pulendran.Dr. Pulendran says every year, the flu vaccine varies in efficacy. For a good year, it could be 90 percent protective, while the next year, the flu shot may only be 10 percent effective. The COVID-19 vaccine is expected to be 60 percent effective."I think for me, personally, if I saw a vaccine coming out in the next year or so that had a 60 to 70 percent efficacy, that to me would be very encouraging," said Dr. Pulendran.The public, though, may still need some convincing."One of the hardest things for the general public to embrace is the idea of probability. We like to know definitively if something works or not,” said Evans. “The reality is that a vaccine is a probabilistic issue. It's highly likely that you won’t contract, whatever the condition is, but it’s not 100 percent."Evans says the key will be in how the vaccine is marketed to the American public.Dr. Pulendran hopes any positive data and outcomes of the COVID-19 vaccine trial will encourage as many people as possible to get the vaccine when it comes out. 2823

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