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You can think of NASA's Discovery program as a sort of outer-space American Idol: every few years the agency invites scientists to propose unmanned planetary missions. The projects have to address some sort of fundamental science question, and (this is the tough part) they have to be relatively cheap to pull off — say, half a billion dollars or so. Then the proposals go through a grueling competition before judges who aren't as nasty as Simon Cowell but who are every bit as tough. The one left standing at the end gets the equivalent of a recording contract: NASA supplies the funding and the launch vehicle, and away the winner goes — to orbit Mercury, as the Messenger spacecraft is doing right now; or to rendezvous with a couple of asteroids, as the Dawn mission will start doing this July; or to smash into a comet on purpose, a feat achieved by Deep Impact in 2005, a mission not to be confused with the movie of the same name. Now it's time for the next contenders. NASA has just announced that the first round of the latest Discovery competition is over, with three entries out of 28 moving on to the finals. They are, in increasing distance from Earth: the Geophysical Monitoring Station (GEMS) lander, which would use seismometers to study the interior of Mars; the Comet Hopper, which would do just that, leaping from place to place across the surface of Comet 46P/Wirtanen to see how different parts of the tumbling body react to heating by the sun; and the Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which would plop into a sea of liquid hydrocarbons on Saturn's moon Titan — the first oceangoing vessel ever to set sail on another world. If you had to come up with a theme that ties all three missions together, it would be "origins." The Titan explorer, for example, will be studying a place that — in a crude way, at least — resembles the early planet Earth at a time when life arose here. Titan, with a thick atmosphere and a bizarro-world form of weather featuring toxic winds and hydrocarbon rain, is home to a mix of complex chemistry, complete with organic molecules. The oceans provide a medium in which the molecules can move around and interact with each other. It's even conceivable, though clearly a long shot, that some form of microscopic life already exists on this frigid moon. The Mars lander, by contrast, would visit a place where the seas — plain water in this case — vanished long ago. But the mission of GEMS goes far deeper than that. By analyzing Marsquakes on the Red Planet, GEMS will try to get a handle on what the interior of Mars is like. Scientists don't currently know whether the planet's core is liquid, like Earth's, or solid, or some mushy consistency in between. It all depends on how efficiently Mars has cooled since it formed 4.5 billion years ago, and that depends in turn on the planet's internal structure. "That's the mission," says Bruce Banerdt, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the lead scientist for GEMS. "We want to understand how Mars was built." Along with sensitive seismographic equipment, GEMS will drill down about 20 ft. (6 m) with a thermometer-equipped probe, trying to figure out how quickly the temperature rises with depth. "That will let us extrapolate all the way down to the center," Banerdt says, "which will tell us how fast Mars is cooling."

BEIJING, May 14 (Xinhua) -- The uranium subsidiary of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG) has said it is developing two large mines in the mainland.The two mines will be located in south China's Guangdong province and northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, according to Saturday's China Daily.The move is likely to add as much as 1,000 tonnes to the country's annual production capacity of the nuclear fuel."The two mines are expected to start operation in 2013, each with an annual production capacity of no more than 500 tonnes," the newspaper quoted Zhou Zhenxing, chairman of CGNPG Uranium Resources Co (CGNPG-URC) as saying.

HARARE, Feb. 9 (Xinhua) -- The two-day visit to Zimbabwe by Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi starting Thursday is an endorsement of relations between the Southern African country and China, local figures told Xinhua.Former Zimbabwean ambassador to China Chris Mutsvangwa said in an interview on Tuesday that Yang's visit will also boost economic relations between the two countries."The visit of a foreign minister is a big banner announcement to say that relations between Zimbabwe and China are reaching for a new level," he said."This is a visit which will mark a new diplomatic high watermark in Zimbabwe's international relations because to get the visit of an important and emerging super-power like China with such economic clout is a big vote of confidence on the part of Zimbabweans who have been pummeled by sanctions" imposed by the West.Yang, who will make the visit at the invitation of Zimbabwean Foreign Minister Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, is scheduled to meet President Robert Mugabe and other senior government officials.Mutsvangwa said the Chinese veto at the United Nations in 2008 was "a landmark diplomatic decision where it basically saved Zimbabwe from punitive sanctions instigated by an irate and sulky former colonial power.""So, now this visit will give an opportunity for Zimbabweans tofinally thank China for this act. But more important, cooperation in the economic field is beginning to gather pace because we have crossed the diplomatic and political travails which have been going on in the last 10 years and come out more united because the Chinese veto also enabled Zimbabweans to find accommodation among themselves and led to the GNU and GPA," Mutsvangwa said.China, together with Russia, vetoed the British initiative for full-scale UN sanctions against Zimbabwe, saying the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the African Union (AU) should be given a chance to resolve the country's political problems.A SADC-driven initiative led to a Government of National Unity (GNU) following the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) between Mugabe and then rivals Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and Deputy Prime Minister Arthur Mutambara."So there is more national unity now among Zimbabweans. It is an opportune moment for us to tighten our relations with China so that we can explore cooperation in the more rewarding material areas of agriculture, mining, tourism and industrialization."There is clearly a lot of scope for cooperation between Zimbabwe and China so that Zimbabwe can quicken its modernization pace taking advantage of the stellar achievements of the Chinese in the above areas," Mutsvangwa said.He cited areas such as telecommunications, international logistics and the internet as being led by the Chinese.China Tobacco has also been on the fore-front reviving tobacco farming in Zimbabwe for the past five years.Mutsvangwa said shortages in the global cotton sector could spur better trade relations between the two countries and lead to more opportunities for Zimbabwean farmers.

SAN FRANCISCO, April 28 (Xinhua) -- Microsoft Corp. on Thursday posted quarterly revenue and earnings that both beat analysts' expectations.In its fiscal 2011 third quarter ended on March 31, the software giant reported revenue of 16.43 billion U.S. dollars, up 13 percent from the same period a year earlier.Net income and earnings per share were 5.23 billion dollars and 61 cents, representing increases of 31 percent and 36 percent respectively year-on-year.Analysts had expected earnings of 56 cents per share on revenue of 16.19 billion dollars, according to Thomson Reuters."We delivered strong financial results despite a mixed PC environment, which demonstrates the strength and breadth of our businesses," Peter Klein, chief financial officer at Microsoft, said in a statement."Consumers are purchasing Office 2010, Xbox and Kinect at tremendous rates, and businesses of all sizes are purchasing Microsoft platforms and applications," he added.Revenue at four of Microsoft's five major divisions posted double-digit growth in the quarter, indicating the increase of technology spending by enterprises as well as strong demand for the company's entertainment products.The entertainment and devices division saw the biggest revenue growth of 60 percent, which according to Microsoft, were driven by strong demand for its Kinect hands-free motion control system for Xbox 360 and continued strong sales of Xbox 360 console.However, revenue for the division of the company's flagship Windows operating system dropped 4 percent in the quarter, which Microsoft said was "in line with the PC trends."The performance of the Windows division may fuel new concerns that Microsoft's dominance in software for PCs is being threatened by Apple's iPad and tablet computers running other operating systems, some analysts noted.

LONDON, March 15 (Xinhua) -- The moon would be in a "super position" on Saturday, which makes it a "supermoon" and the web is awash with myths about its implications such as connection to recent earthquakes, but that's not the case according to British experts.Technically the so-called "supermoon" means that the moon would be in its perigee, the closest point to earth in its orbit on March 19, and on top of that, it would also be a full moon at the same time.The massive earthquake in Japan just fueled the speculation that the gravitational pull of the "supermoon" will bring chaos to the Earth, such as earthquakes and volcanic activities.But "there is little that is special about perigee on March 19," said Dr. Robert Massey, deputy executive secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. He said the moon will be around 360,000 km from the earth on that day, but this has happened at least 15 times during the last 400 years."There is no reason whatsoever to believe that there is a connection between the so-called 'supermoon' and the recent earthquake," Massey told Xinhua. "There are also no other 'abnormal' phenomena connected with a 'supermoon' other than the high tides that we experience twice every month."Massey was echoed by Dr. Bruce Malamud, a geophysicist in the Department of Geography at King's College London, who that: "A supermoon will not be able to actually influence at all the internal workings of our Planet Earth, as there is so much momentum and mass already stored up, that the actual effect is negligible.""The earthquake took place a full 8 days before the 'supermoon' meaning that the tidal forces exerted by the moon and sun together were near their minimum rather than maximum level, directly contradicting the fearmongers," said Massey.Calling the "supermoon" claims "bogus science," he questioned the motives of those who made such claims on the day that thousands of people died in a severe earthquake and the ensuing tsunami.

来源：资阳报