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WASHINGTON, Aug. 2 (Xinhua) -- The weakness of aging is associated with leaky calcium channels inside muscle cells and a drug already in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of heart failure might plug those leaks, according to a report published Tuesday in the online edition of Cell Metabolism.Earlier studies by the research team led by Andrew Marks of Columbia University showed the same leaks underlie the weakness and fatigue that come with heart failure and Duchenne muscular dystrophy."It's interesting, normal people essentially acquire a form of muscular dystrophy with age," Marks said. "The basis for muscle weakness is the same." Extreme exercise like that done by marathon runners also springs the same sort of leaks, he added, but in that case damaged muscles return to normal after a few days of rest. A microscopic view shows smooth muscle cells derived from human embryonic stem cells showing the nuclei (blue) and proteins of the cytoskeleton (green) in this handout photo released to Reuters by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009The leaks occur in a calcium release channel called ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) that is required for muscles to contract. Under conditions of stress, those channels are chemically modified and lose a stabilizing subunit known as calstabin1.Calcium inside of muscle cells is usually kept contained. When it is allowed to leak out into the cell that calcium itself is toxic, turning on an enzyme that chews up muscle cells. Once the leak starts, it's a vicious cycle. The calcium leak raises levels of damaging reactive oxygen species, which oxidize RyR1 and worsen the leak.The researchers made their discovery by studying the skeletal muscles of young and old mice. They also showed that 6-month-old mice carrying a mutation that made their RyR1 channels leaky showed the same muscular defects and weakness characteristic of older mice.When older mice were treated with a drug known as S107, the calcium leak in their muscles slowed and the animals voluntarily showed about a 50 percent increase in the amount of time spent wheel running. Now in clinical trials for patients with heart failure, the drug is known to work by restoring the connection between costabilin and RyR1.Despite considerable effort to understand and reverse age- related muscle wasting, there are no established treatments available. The new work suggests there may be hope in approaching the problem from a different angle."Most research has focused on making more muscle mass," Marks said. "What's different here is that we are focused not on muscle mass but on muscle function. More muscle doesn't help if it is not functional."

CANBERRA, Sept. 9 (Xinhua) -- Managing other people at work triggers structural changes in the brain, protecting its memory and learning center well into old age, Australia's study revealed on Friday.Australia's University of New South Wales (UNSW) researchers have, for the first time, identified a clear link between managerial experience throughout a person's working life, and the integrity and larger size of an individual's hippocampus (the area of the brain responsible for learning and memory) at the age of 80. "We found a clear relationship between the number of employees a person may have supervised or been responsible for and the size of the hippocampus," Dr Michael Valenzuela, Leader of Regenerative Neuroscience in UNSW's School of Psychiatry, said in a statement released on Friday."This could be linked to the unique mental demands of managing people, which requires continuous problem solving, short term memory and a lot of emotional intelligence, such as the ability to put yourself in another person's shoes. Over time this could translate into the structural brain changes we observed."The findings confirmed that staying mentally active promotes brain health, potentially warding off neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.Using MRI imagery in a cohort of 75-92 year-olds, researchers found larger hippocampal volumes in those with managerial experience compared to those without. The effect was also seen in women who had taken on managerial roles in nursing or teaching, for example.The study was presented at this week's Brain Sciences UNSW symposium Brain Plasticity The Adaptable Brain, held in Australia.

SAN FRANCISCO, June 14 (Xinhua) -- Google on Tuesday unveiled voice search for desktop computers and search-by-image, two new features allowing users to speak their search into the computer and search with the help of images.Speaking at the Internet search giant's Inside Search Event in San Francisco, Mike Cohen, head of Google's speech technology efforts, said its voice search is now available in 27 languages and dialects, an estimated coverage of around 5 billion people or two-thirds of world population.Voice search has already been available in Google's mobile search application from 2008. Adding the feature to desktops is part of Google's strategy to bring mobile innovations to its desktop search.The voice search on desktop performs similarly to voice search on smartphones -- users can click the microphone button and speak the query. It is only available via Google's Chrome browser for now.Cohen noted that the volume of Google mobile speech inputs has increased by six times in the last year.Also at the event, Google introduced search-by-image, which enables users to drag-and-drop, copy-and-paste image URL, or upload the image from the desktop into the search box. They can also use a Chrome or FireFox software extension to add images to the search.Google said the search-by-image feature will be available in most countries and regions over the next few days to Chrome users, noting that it will not collect and store any images that users use.

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 13 (Xinhua) -- Researchers in San Francisco, U.S. have found in a latest study that bisphenol A (BPA) and methylparaben, two chemicals commonly used in consumer products, can interfere with the breast cancer drugs, local media reported on Tuesday.In the study, doctors from California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco found that healthy breast cells from high-risk patients started to find ways to bypass breast cancer drugs after they were exposed to BPA and methylparaben in the lab.The cells exposed to the two chemicals kept growing and didn't die after they were introduced with Tamoxifen, a current standard drug therapy for female breast cancer and most common used treatment for male breast cancer, Dr. William Goodson, lead author of the study, told San Francisco Chronicle.Goodson said that BPA and methylparaben not only mimic estrogen 's ability to drive cancer, but appear to be even better than the natural hormone in bypassing the ability of drugs to treat it. The finds have been published online in the British medical journal Carcinogenesis.The research shows more evidence of safety issues of BPA, a chemical primarily used to make plastic baby bottles, food containers, household electronics and etc, as well as the less known methylparaben, a chemical preservative used in cosmetics and other personal care products.The researchers noted that the breast cancer rates have been growing by about the same amount in men as in women over the past three decades. Scientists have been looking at environmental causes for the disease and wondering where the hormones are coming from.Goodson said BPA and methylparaben are used so widely and even found in household dust, noting that it is still unknown whether the effects of exposure to the chemicals are reversible.Since 2008, several governments issued reports questioning the negative health effects of BPA, especially raising concerns regarding exposure of fetuses, infants and children. BPA use has been banned in baby bottles in a lot of countries and regions.As for methylparaben, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said on its website that "at the present time there is no reason for consumers to be concerned about the uses of cosmetics containing parabens (including methylparaben)."