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Neanderthals may not have been that different from us, after all.New evidence reveals that they created the world's oldest known cave paintings and even wore seashells as body ornaments. Both behaviors suggest that they thought symbolically and had an artistic sensibility like modern humans. Two studies published Thursday in the journal Science detail the latest findings."Undoubtedly it is showing that Neanderthals were thinking and behaving just like modern humans," Alistair Pike, co-author of the studies and professor of archaeological sciences at the University of Southampton, wrote in an email."We should no longer think of them as a different species, just humans in different places," he said.The new findings of symbolic thinking show that Neanderthals and modern humans were cognitively indistinguishable, the researchers said.Cave paintings and artifacts like painted seashells have long been regarded as the work of early modern humans, who were thought to have more advanced cognitive abilities than Neanderthals. Dating cave paintings can be a difficult process, and unreliable techniques never allowed for the possibility that these could be the work of Neanderthals.Until now, that is. A new technique called Uranium-Thorium dating is less destructive, is more accurate and can go back further in time than other methods. U-Th dating looks at the deposits of carbonate on top of the paint, which contain traces of uranium and thorium that indicate when those deposits formed. That allows the researchers to determine an age for what's under the deposits.The researchers applied this technique to paintings in the La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales caves in Spain, which had never received "robust" dating. The paintings include red and black images of animals, dots, lines, disks and other geometric signs. There also are engravings, hand prints and hand stencils.Those hand stencils are particularly significant, and not just because they represent the hand size of a Neanderthal."A red line, a red dot or even a positive hand print could potentially be made 'accidentally,' " wrote Dirk Hoffmann, lead author of the studies and archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in an email."Of course, I am sure that this is not the case, since you would still need to bring [in] light and pigment, but one could argue that all you need is some pigment on your hand when you lean against a wall. A hand stencil cannot be explained like that. You have to hold your hand against the wall and the deliberately spray pigment over this. This is why we emphasize the hand stencil."The dating revealed that the cave art was created more than 64,000 years ago -- 20,000 years before modern humans appeared in what is now considered Europe.The shells were found in the Cueva de los Aviones, a sea cave in southeastern Spain. They are unique because they are perforated with holes and colored with red and yellow pigment. Others served as containers for the mineral pigments themselves. The pigments were used on the shells but could have also been used for the cave paintings and even as body paint.The deposit layer containing the shells dated to 115,000 years ago, which is even older than other shells recovered in Africa that were dated to modern humans."The standard archaeological interpretation of such finds is that they are body ornaments," Hoffmann said. "Similar finds were made in Africa or the Levant with similar age. In Africa or the Levant, these were made by modern humans, in Spain Neanderthals made them. So in terms of symbolism, early modern humans and Neanderthals were similar."The researchers are absolutely confident in their dating technique."We have spent 10 years refining the technique and have numerous quality controls," Pike said. "The dates respect the growth axis of the deposits we are dating, the oldest closest to the painting, the youngest at the surface."Once modern humans left Africa and migrated to Europe and other areas, mixing with the Neanderthals would've been inevitable. The researchers believe that the Neanderthals created this artwork on their own, without being influenced by any other population. But it's possible that they exchanged symbolism or that Neanderthals influenced the art and symbolism of modern humans. Modern humans were capable of symbolic behavior, so it "turns the who's copying who debate on its head," Pike said."The idea that culture only evolved with modern humans no longer makes sense," Pike said. Hoffmann suggested that Neanderthals now be referred to as "very close cousins" of modern humans.Is it possible that anyone else may have created the cave paintings?Pike said it is incredibly doubtful that a population of early modern humans migrated to Europe so early without any other evidence to suggest it."We cannot of course rule out that pre-Neanderthal populations made the art," Pike said. "This sounds like a project for the future."Hoffmann, Pike and their colleagues want to use their new dating technique in more caves in Spain, as well as France and Italy -- and anywhere else Neanderthals are known to lived.The findings also raise new questions for researchers."How far back does symbolic behavior go? Can it be traced to the last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals? This is perhaps where we should be looking," Pike said. 5398

MOUNT PLEASANT, S.C. -- Summer may not officially start for a few more weeks, but a different season is now in full swing: Farmers Market season.“Our season is April through September,” said Tracy Richter, who oversees the Farmers Market in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.Just when it was about to open this year, the coronavirus pandemic sprouted up, forcing a temporary closure and then requiring changes to comply with social distancing.“We had them set up booths with an entrance and an exit,” Richter said. “So, only one way in, one way out. We restricted the number of shoppers they could have in those booths to two.”Normally, there would be 45 vendors at the farmers market, but they had to reduce that number down to 10 because of the coronavirus. They are slowly trying to get back to normal, though, and plan to add 10 more next week.Richter is lucky – the local municipality funds this market. For other market operators around the country, however, the financial picture is much more dire.“For them, this is a very challenging situation,” said Ben Feldman of the Farmers Market Coalition.He said coronavirus relief funds have bypassed these nonprofit markets, at a time when operators are having to limit the number of vendors and shoppers, as well as spend additional money on virus-related expenses, like personal protective equipment.“Unfortunately, much of the relief to date has left farmers markets out of the equation, even as there have been direct payments for many businesses,” Feldman said.Now, some are in danger of closing – nearly 20-percent of those recently surveyed in California alone. Feldman said the next coronavirus stimulus bill needs to include these markets, which are often a crucial food source and livelihood.“If these farmers markets aren’t able to remain in business, then farmers and consumers are the ones who lose here - because farmers lose their livelihood, consumers lose their access to fresh fruits and vegetables,” he said.Back in South Carolina, Tracy Richter is focused on getting the market through the reality of now and looking forward to later.“Hopefully by next April,” she said, “everything will be more back to normal.” 2188

MUNSON, Pa. — Three men have been charged with more than 1,400 counts for allegedly having sex with dogs, horses, a cow and a goat on a makeshift farm in Pennsylvania.Terry Wallace, 41; Matthew Brubaker, 32, and Marc Measnikoff, 34, all of Munson, Pennsylvania, were charged with endangering children, corruption of minors, cruelty to animals and 1,460 counts of sexual intercourse with animals. According to the Clearfield County District Attorney's Office, authorities were notified by a teen living on the property. The teen told authorities the three men constructed a holding pen in the shape of a "V" to help facilitate sexual intercourse with the animals.Police raided the property on Aug. 18 and found a "large volume of homemade videos," and camera equipment allegedly used to film the acts.State police assisted in the raid due to reports of semi-automatic weapons being on the property, authorities said.Clearfield County District Attorney William A. Shaw Jr. said the incident is "one of the most extreme cases of animal abuse that his office has handled."Authorities said it doesn't appear that the teen was a victim of sexual assault, but they are working to determine the extent of any mental or physical abuse he may have been exposed to.Each defendant is being held on a 0,000 bond and is scheduled to appear in court on Wednesday. 1374

Museums from coast to coast will have free admission on Saturday as part of Smithsonian Magazine's Museum Day Live. Art museums, science centers and other attractions are participating in Saturday's event, which was created to promote STEM programs. In order to take advantage of free admission at museums, tickets are available on Smithsonian Magazine's webpage. Tickets are limited to one person plus a guest per email address. Once you enter your name, email address and select the museum you wish to attend, your ticket will appear on the next screen and be emailed to you. The ticket does not cover special attractions or parking at many locations. Organizers said that once you choose a museum, you cannot change your selection. Click here to find a participating museum in your area.  839

NASA has invented a way to remind you not to touch your face during the coronavirus pandemic.On their website, NASA states PULSE is a round pendant that can be worn around your necklace and will send you a vibrating warning anytime you are about to touch your face. 273