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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- It's a question some are grappling with as COVID-19 cases surge across the country.In June, a woman posted a picture of a San Diego barista on Facebook with the caption "Meet Lenen from Starbucks who refused to serve me cause I'm not wearing a mask. Next time I will wait for cops and bring a medical exemption."Someone started a GoFundMe for the Starbucks barista who went viral and has raised 0,000 in donations.Also last month, a woman went on a tirade after being asked to wear a face covering in a Trader Joe's store in North Hollywood.There's no shortage of stories about public debates over face masks.RELATED: New UCSD finding: Wearing masks significantly curbs spread of COVID-19In California, people are required to wear face coverings in most indoor settings and outdoors when physical distancing isn't possible.According to a Pew Research Center study conducted in early June, "Overall, 65% of U.S. adults say that they have personally worn a mask in stores or other businesses all or most of the time in the past month, while 15% say they did this some of the time. Relatively small shares of adults say they hardly ever (9%) or never (7%) wore a mask in the past month, and 4% say they have not gone to these types of places."Reporter Adam Racusin spoke with two doctors in different parts of California to get their take on masks."The primary purpose of wearing a face covering is to protect other people in case you're one of the probably significant number of people who are shedding the virus and not have symptoms," said Dr. Dean Winslow, a professor of medicine at the Stanford University Medical Center.Winslow said the risk of coming into contact with the virus is higher when in indoor settings.RELATED: Some San Diegans push for end of San Diego County face mask requirement"Historically, the major outbreaks we've seen we know where the point source is, and have almost always been indoors," he said."Eventually, the people around us, how healthy they are, is going to come back to haunt us," said Dr. Jyotu Sandhu, Family Medicine, Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group. "So we need to look at mitigating the risk for everybody, and masks – regardless of the type – can reduce the risk of spread.”Sandhu said the goal is to lessen or reduce the spread of COVID-19."They (people) want to hear a black or white answer, are masks good, or are they not good, are they protecting me? Are they not protecting me? And it's really a gray area," he said. "They are protecting you, but they are not 100 percent preventative."So, what's behind the decision not to wear a mask, and what are people thinking?RELATED: 8 mask hacks to follow rules while staying comfortable"What we're talking about is the curtailing of folks’ freedom," said Dr. Saurabh Gupta with Southern Californian Psychology Centers.Gupta said some of the factors influencing decisions are world experience, how people see their political leaders, and social responsibility."It's worth looking at people on kind of a spectrum," he said. "So there's some people who really appreciate the mask and recognize that their social responsibility dictates, they really care about other people, they want to make sure that if inadvertently they are infected they don't want to pass it on to anyone, gosh they would feel terrible about that. Then you have folks on the other end who just don't want their freedom curtailed in any way. They don't want to be told what to do, and to cover their face feels very personal. And then you have folks everywhere in between in that spectrum. They will say, alright, I'll put up with this if I have to, but as soon as I don't have to or I'm not being told to it's coming off because I don't like it on my face.”In a UCSD campus-released article titled "To wear a mask or not, is not the question; Research indicates it's the answer," Chemistry Nobel Laureate and UCSD Professor Mario Molina shows the data does not lie.A pivotal point of the study was when they looked at the numbers in Italy and New York after their respective mask mandates went into effect on April 6, 2020, and April 17, 2020. It was only then that the spread of viral air particles slowed drastically. 4211

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In their push to reopen schools, some political supporters of President Donald Trump have cited COVID-19 research from a group of San Diego scientists, claiming it’s evidence we could be close to herd immunity from the virus.But one of the authors of that research says that conclusion is way off.One of the most prominent supporters of the herd immunity conjecture is Dr. Scott Atlas, a neuroradiologist and senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution who became an adviser to President Trump this month.“There’s a pretty good chance that herd immunity requires way less infections because of existing immunity out there,” Atlas said in a livestream conversation with San Diego County Supervisor Jim Desmond. “It actually may have already been reached in places like New York. We don’t know, but it’s possible.”Herd immunity is the level of protection needed to effectively stop the virus from circulating, thought to be about 70 percent of the population. The “existing immunity” to which Atlas is referring has to do with T cells.“It's just a misunderstanding of the science,” said Dr. Shane Crotty, a virologist at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology who co-authored the groundbreaking research on T cells in June.Crotty and his colleagues found that 50 percent of people unexposed to the novel coronavirus had T cells that could recognize it. Scientists refer to this as cross-reactive T cells, and the study was replicated in other countries.Proponents of the herd immunity theory take the number of people infected with the coronavirus, add the number of people with T cells that can recognize the virus, and come up with a number around the herd immunity threshold of 70 percent. But the math doesn’t work that way, according to Crotty, in part because T cells only kick in once a virus has hijacked cells, meaning T cells alone can't stop a pathogen in its tracks.“We’re not saying those 50 percent of people have protection like they’ve already had the virus,” Crotty said. “We’re saying those 50 percent of people have a head start in responding to the virus, which is a good thing but doesn’t affect herd immunity.”Since the novel coronavirus is a new pathogen, scientists did not expect people would have tools in their immune system capable of recognizing it. Unexposed people do not have cross-reactive antibodies, Crotty said.But in a study published this month in Science, Dr. Crotty and his colleagues offered a potential explanation for the surprising T cell results: they found these cross-reactive T cells also recognized four other coronavirus strains that cause common colds.Their theory: the T cells were created in response to other coronaviruses but can recognize SARS-CoV-2 like a distant relative.“It's a memory of a cousin,” Dr. Crotty said.That memory may speed up the body’s immune response, which can normally take about a week for an unknown pathogen, Crotty said. But scientists aren’t sure yet what role T cells actually play in clinical outcomes.“We have no data and and neither does anybody else as to whether these T cells really help or not,” Crotty said.To answer that question, scientists would need blood samples for lots of healthy people and then they would have to closely study individuals who got infected.The La Jolla Institute for Immunology is raising money for that kind of research, Crotty said, but they’re not there yet. 3417

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Major changes are proposed to an exemption in state law that allows for a person under 21 to buy an assault-style rifle with a state-issued hunting license.The senator pushing behind the legislation also says he could author bring about more changes next year, including addressing an issue 10News uncovered in the wake of the Poway synagogue shooting in April. On Jan. 1, the state of California raised the legal age to buy all firearms - including long-guns - to 21. There were, however, exceptions for those over 18 who are military, law enforcement, or possess a valid, state-issued hunting license. Accused Poway synagogue shooter John Earnest, 19, purchased an AR-15 style weapon from a dealer in San Diego. State Sen. Anthony Portantino, a Democrat from the Los Angeles area, has amended current legislation, Senate Bill 61, to eliminate the hunting license exemption for "semiautomatic center-fire" rifles for those under 21."This is the weapon of choice that is finding itself into the wrong hands and, frankly, killing children,” Portantino said in an interview. "From our perspective we want to make sure we have a bill that gets signed into law that solves a problem.” Gov. Gavin Newsom has expressed support for this change.Portantino also said he would continue to seek out changes during next year's legislative. That includes potentially installing better verification practices when it comes to exemptions. That's because Earnest, a college student, did not have a valid hunting license when he purchased the firearm allegedly used in the attack, Fish and Wildlife has confirmed. 10News reported that under current law, the Justice Department leaves the responsibility to individual gun shops to verify hunting licenses. It does not verify them again with state Fish and Wildlife during the 10-day mandatory background check. Portantino said this is on his radar for the 2020 session. "This issue certainly highlights these legitimate questions," he said. "So yes that’s one of the things we’re looking into for next year is ensuring that when you collect data you want to make sure it’s used for the right purpose. We're definitely looking to make that system better without a doubt."The gun dealer, San Diego Guns, has insisted it did everything properly in the transaction. Earnest is accused of fatally shooting Chabad of Poway congregant Lori Kaye and injuring three others on April 27. He is now facing more than 100 federal hate crime charges. 2496

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - In celebration of National Pool Opening Day and in anticipation of the summer season, San Diego leaders will hold a community water safety festival Saturday.The 10th annual "April Pools Day" event will be held at Bud Kearns Pool, at 2229 Morely Field Dr., featuring swim assessments, CPR demonstrations, and safety presentations to educate about safe water practices.The event will also hold a cannonball kickoff and giant inflatable obstacle course for kids.RELATED: National Pool Opening Day signals summertime swimmingThe community water festival is aimed at waterproofing San Diego, through a multi-step approach to drowning prevention, swimming lessons, and beach safety training.As San Diego readies itself for the summer, the Prevent Drowning Foundation of San Diego will also hold a number of free swimming lessons and CPR demonstrations around the county. A full list can be found on the organization's website. 952

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Jayce Tingler doesn't plan to be a homebody in the San Diego Padres clubhouse."I want to be shagging in the outfield ... If you're out being active, more organic natural moments will arrive," Tingler told reporters, saying that he doesn't plan to sit in his office often.The Padres introduced the former Texas Rangers coach to the media at Petco Park Thursday. In front of a backdrop of brown and gold, general manager A.J. Preller spoke on Tingler's experience and confidence in him managing the team starting in 2020. Notably, Preller said he was looking for someone players would "run though a wall for" in his search.RELATED: San Diego Padres to unveil new 2020 uniforms in NovemberBefore Tingler arrived in San Diego to don number 32, he worked with the Rangers has a field coordinator and interim bench coach. Preller hailed Tingler's experience in player development for the organization, and bilingual and communication skills. The duo worked together while Preller was a scout and assistant general manager in Texas. Preller said Thursday that Tingler had showed him that he's "comfortable being uncomfortable" from his success as a young manager in the Dominican Republic.But the big question for many outside of Preller's is Tingler's experience. He becomes the Padres 21st manager in franchise history and the team's sixth-straight skipper without prior MLB managerial experience."Look, I'm going to make mistakes. My guess is at some point the players are going to make mistakes. So we have some common ground," Tingler said. "I hope to learn quick. I hope to have people around from various areas of expertise."Part of the expected change between 2019 to 2020 will include other coaching positions. Tingler says he's looking to surround himself with a staff that pushes players."We're in that process. We're meeting with people. The bottom line, can you build relationships and can you impact players, can you push them and make them better," Tingler said.Tingler walks into a club that has under delivered for the last decade. Last season marked the Padres' ninth-straight losing season. Former manager Andy Green didn't fair better, posting a .428 win percentage during his four seasons with the team.The last time the team finished above .500 was in 2010, under then-manager Bud Black.To that, Tingler says he's confident in the current squad of players and looks forward to his new staff forming those all important relationships to impact young players — hopefully producing a winning season."We've got a lot of players with huge upside ... I think they shared that kind of undying passion to win here in San Diego," Tingler said. 2676