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WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (Xinhua) -- A new study examining weather patterns around the worldwide pandemics of influenza, which caused widespread death and illness in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 2009, finds that each of them was preceded by La Nina conditions in the equatorial Pacific. The study findings are published online Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.The study's authors -- Jeffrey Shaman of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and Marc Lipsitch of the Harvard School of Public Health -- note that the La Nina pattern is known to alter the migratory patterns of birds, which are thought to be a primary reservoir of human influenza. The scientists theorize that altered migration patterns promote the development of dangerous new strains of influenza.To examine the relationship between weather patterns and influenza pandemics, the researchers studied records of ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific in the fall and winter before the four most recent flu pandemics emerged. They found that all four pandemics were preceded by below-normal sea surface temperatures -- consistent with the La Nina phase of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation.The authors cite other research showing that the La Nina pattern alters the migration, stopover time, fitness and interspecies mixing of migratory birds. These conditions could favor the kind of gene swapping or genetic reassortment that creates novel and therefore potentially more variations of the influenza virus."We know that pandemics arise from dramatic changes in the influenza genome. Our hypothesis is that La Nina sets the stage for these changes by reshuffling the mixing patterns of migratory birds, which are a major reservoir for influenza," says Shaman.Changes in migration not only alter the pattern of contact among bird species, they could also change the ways that birds come into contact with domestic animals like pigs. Gene-swapping between avian and pig influenza viruses was a factor in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

BEIJING, Dec. 20 (Xinhua) -- A senior Chinese official called for a higher level of requirements for promoting cultural and ethical progress at a national conference Tuesday.Li Changchun, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee urged for efforts to "provide firm ideological assurance, powerful spiritual drive, effective media support and sound cultural conditions for achieving the great goal of building an overall prosperous society."Li, also director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission, made the remark while addressing the National Award-issuing Conference on the Work of Cultural and Ethical Progress.Li Changchun (1st L), a Standing Committee member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission, presents the awards to the advanced collectives and individuals during the National Award-issuing Conference on the Work of Cultural and Ethical Progress held in Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 20, 2011. Li attended the conference on Tuesday and gave a speech.In his speech, Li extended his gratefulness to everyone engaged in cultural and ethical work at all levels, as well as to people from all walks of life for their active participation in, and support of, the work.Currently, publicizing the Party's new plenary session should be the primary task in cultural and ethical work, Li said."Cultural and ethical progress is a major component of the socialist cause with China's own characteristics," he said, emphasizing that substantial efforts must be made to strengthen Party leadership on the work.The meeting was presided over by Liu Yunshan, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and deputy-director of the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Steering Commission.In an address at the gathering, he called for greater efforts in publicizing the models of cultural and ethical progress, so as to "enhance the level of civilization of the society as a whole."A total of 27 cities and municipal districts, 899 villages and small towns, and 1,794 institutions and enterprises were awarded for their marked achievements in cultural and ethical progress, and 23 cities and municipal districts that had been previously awarded were allowed to keep their honorary titles.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 2 (Xinhua) -- A systematic review of previous studies suggests that there may be a positive connection between physical activity and children's academic performance, according to a report published Monday in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.A group of scientists at the Vrije Universiteit (Free University) Medical Center in the Netherlands reviewed evidence on the relationship between physical activity and academic performance because of concerns that pressure to improve test scores may often mean more instructional time for classroom subjects with less time for physical activity.The authors identified 10 observational and four interventional studies for review, 12 of which were done in the United States, one in Canada and one in South Africa. Sample sizes ranged from 53 to about 12,000 participants between the ages of eight years and 18 years old. Follow-up varied from eight weeks to more than five years."According to the best-evidence synthesis, we found strong evidence of a significant positive relationship between physical activity and academic performance. The findings of one high-quality intervention study and one high-quality observational study suggest that being more physically active is positively related to improved academic performance in children," the report said.Background information in the article suggests that exercise may help cognition by increasing blood and oxygen flow to the brain, increasing levels of norepinephrine and endorphin to decrease stress and improve mood, and increasing growth factors that help create new nerve cells and support synaptic plasticity."More high-quality studies are needed on the dose-response relationship between physical activity and academic performance and on the explanatory mechanisms, using reliable and valid measurement instruments to assess this relationship accurately," the report concluded.

UNITED NATIONS, Nov. 18 (Xinhua) -- China on Friday voiced its hope that countries concerned "will continue to appropriately address the issue" of the alleged plot to kill Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States "through dialogue and make joint efforts to maintain peace and stability in the Middle East and the Gulf region."The statement came as Li Baodong, Chinese permanent representative to the United Nations, was addressing the UN General Assembly to explain the Chinese position on the issue after he abstained from voting on the draft resolution on the alleged Iranian involvement in the assassination plot."China hopes countries concerned will continue to appropriately address the issue through dialogue and make joint efforts to maintain peace and stability in the Middle East and the Gulf region," he said."At present, the case is highly complicated and sensitive," Li said. "Parties still have different views over the issue. Any conclusion or action must be based on comprehensive, impartial, objective and transparent investigation and substantial evidence.""Before facts are out, parties should adopt a prudent approach, refrain from jumping to conclusions, and avoid action that may complicate and worsen the situation," he said."China abstained from the vote on the General Assembly draft resolution entitled 'Terrorist Attacks on Internationally Protected Persons'," he said. "We oppose all forms of terrorism, and always stand for compliance with international law and the basis norms governing international relations in handling state-to- state relations as well as effective protection of the safety and security of diplomatic personnel."Earlier on Friday, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which expressed deep concerns at the assassination plot and called on Iran "to comply with all of its obligations under international law." Iran strongly denied the allegation.Before or after the vote, countries such as Bolivia, Sudan and Venezuela said that due to a lack of solid evidence to support the allegation, the draft adoption would "create a dangerous precedent " in the international relations.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 1 (Xinhua) -- Twin U.S. spacecraft to study the moon from crust to core put themselves into the lunar orbit on New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, the country's space agency said.The second Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory, or GRAIL-B, reached its lunar orbit at 5:43 p.m. EST (2243 GMT) on Sunday, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).The GRAIL-A started orbiting the moon at 5 p.m. (2200 GMT) Saturday.The insertion maneuvers placed the spacecraft into a near-polar, elliptical orbit with an orbital period of approximately 11.5 hours, NASA said.Over the coming weeks, the GRAIL team will execute a series of burns with each spacecraft to reduce their orbital period to just under two hours. At the start of the science phase in March 2012, the twin GRAILs will be in a near-polar, near-circular orbit with an altitude of about 55 km."NASA greets the new year with a new mission of exploration," Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "The twin GRAIL spacecraft will vastly expand our knowledge of our moon and the evolution of our own planet."During GRAIL's science mission, the two probes will transmit radio signals precisely defining the distance between them. As they fly over areas of greater and lesser gravity caused by visible features such as mountains, craters and masses hidden beneath the lunar surface, the distance between the twin spacecraft will change slightly.Scientists will translate this information into a high-resolution map of the moon's gravitational field.The data will allow scientists to understand what goes on below the lunar surface and increase knowledge of how Earth and its rocky neighbors in the inner solar system developed into the diverse worlds we see today.