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WASHINGTON, May 12 (Xinhua) -- Early initiation of antiretroviral treatment in people infected with HIV prevents them from transmitting the virus to their partners, according to findings released Thursday from a large-scale international clinical study.The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether antiretroviral drugs can prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is not. The results are the first of their kind from a major randomized clinical trial.Led by Myron Cohen, of the University of North Carolina, the research found that treating HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) when their immune systems are still relatively healthy led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to their partners.This critical new finding convincingly demonstrates that early treatment of infected individuals can have a major impact on the spread of the epidemic.Study investigators enrolled 1,763 couples who were not eligible for ART by WHO standards in nine countries around the world. All couples were at least 18 years of age. The vast majority of the couples (97 percent) were heterosexual, which precludes any definitive conclusions about effectiveness in men who have sex with men.Couples were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. In the first group, the HIV-infected partner initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as the couple enrolled in the study (the immediate treatment group); in the second group, infected partners did not begin ART until their CD4+ counts fell to between 200 and 250 cells/mm3 or they developed an AIDS-related illness (the delayed treatment group). Couples in both groups received HIV primary care, counseling and condoms.Results of this research study, which was scheduled to conclude in 2015, are being released early, after the independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) determined that the benefits of early treatment were clear.

CANBERRA, May 26 (Xinhua) -- Australian Health Minister Nicola Roxon on Thursday night said she will not be frightened off by the tobacco industry's attempt to lobby Malaysia to oppose the Australian government's proposal for plain packaging of cigarettes.According to ABC News, big tobacco companies have appointed a former United States ambassador to the World Trade Organization ( WTO), Peter Allgeier, to help them fight the Australian federal government's plain packaging plan, which is due to come into effect this year.An email sent to a Malaysian official and obtained by ABC News showed that Allgeier had a meeting with Malaysia's trade minister before, and he has been lobbying a Malaysian administrator to put pressure on Australia over plain packaging.Allgeier's email also stated that "members of the U.S. congress also have written to the Australian Government outlining concerns about the implications of plain packaging for the integrity of Australia's trade commitments."However, Roxon, who said she has not been approached by Malaysia on the issue, said Allgeier's appointment demonstrated just how far big tobacco is prepared to take its fight."But we won't be frightened off because big tobacco is hiring lobbyists or looking at ways to influence the action we're taking, " she told ABC television on Thursday night.The tobacco industry has already spent millions fighting plain packaging, and last year gave 5.2 million U.S. dollars to the Alliance of Australian Retailers (AAR) to fund an advertising campaign against the plan.If the cigarettes law is enforced, Australia will become the first country in the world to ban logos and brand names from cigarette packaging. Health warnings and the kind of graphic pictures will make up the majority of the packaging, while the rest of the packets will be plain olive green.

WASHINGTON, April 29 (Xinhua) -- A U.S. appeals court ruled on Friday that the Obama administration can continue the taxpayer- funding for human embryonic stem cell research.The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington overturned a preliminary federal court order that would have blocked the U.S. Health and Human Services Department and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from spending government money on embryonic stem cells research."Today's ruling is a victory for our scientists and patients around the world who stand to benefit from the groundbreaking medical research they're pursuing," said Nicholas Papas, a White House spokesman.U.S. President Barack Obama has been trying to expand government funding for human embryonic stem cells research, saying that years of progress on finding cures for spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's disease and other diseases would be lost without the government support on this field.Opponents have been arguing the research is unacceptable because embryonic stem cells can only be obtained through destroying human embryos.Last August, a federal judge ruled that the government-backed embryonic stem cell research violated the law because embryos were destroyed in the process and it jeopardized the position of researchers using adult stem cells for winning federal grants.The government immediately appealed to the ruling, and the appeals court said the research could continue at the NIH before the judge ruled on the case.

BEIJING, Jan. 22 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao has just ended his four-day landmark visit to the United States.During the visit, both sides agreed to build a China-U.S. cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit, which is to lead the development of bilateral ties in the future.It is widely believed that, in the new era, China and the United States need to enhance their political and economic relations, as well as boost cooperation in regional and international affairs.In order to achieve that, observers from across the world hold that the key lies in common actions.BLUEPRINT FOR BILATERAL RELATIONSReiterating their commitment to developing a positive, cooperative and comprehensive China-U.S. relationship as they agreed in 2009, Chinese and U.S. leaders also vowed to build "a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit", during Hu's visit to Washington.The two terms showed a kind of progress which represented the increasing common interests and mutual need of the two sides over the recent period, as well as more and more challenges that required the joint efforts of the largest developed and developing countries, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Cui Tiankai said.Yuan Peng, director of the America Studies of China Institute for Contemporary International Relations (CICIR), said the new expression of bilateral ties was positive, objective and pragmatic.As the deepening and development of the previous expression, the new term was a highlight of President Hu's U.S. visit, Yuan said.The joint statement issued by both sides during Hu's stay, which is built upon bilateral efforts to establish the cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit, is a clear reflection of the two countries' resolution and pragmatic attitude in jointly meeting global challenges, according to Chen Kang, professor at Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore.In a nutshell, every word matters in the new expression.As "mutual respect" urges both China and the United States to respect each other's core interests and path of development, "mutual benefit" means that both countries are expected to achieve a win-win situation rather than a win-lose one, and bring about common prosperity."Partnership," meanwhile, shows that the two powers, instead of being rivals, are closely linked with each other in actions to cope with regional and international issues.Fu Mengzi, a researcher with the Beijing-based CICIR, told Xinhua, while every country attached great importance to their own national interest, their respective interests were neither unilateral nor absolute."When seeking its own interest, a country should meanwhile take into consideration the interest and major concerns of other countries," Fu said, adding that only by so doing could a win-win result rather than a zero-sum relationship be achieved.

WASHINGTON, May 11 (Xinhua) -- NASA's Dawn spacecraft has obtained its first image of the giant asteroid Vesta, which will help fine-tune navigation during its approach, the U.S. space agency announced Wednesday.Dawn expects to achieve orbit around Vesta on July 16, when the asteroid is about 117 million miles from Earth.The image from Dawn's framing cameras was taken on May 3 when the spacecraft began its approach and was approximately 752,000 miles (1.21 million km) from Vesta. The asteroid appears as a small, bright pearl against a background of stars. Vesta also is known as a protoplanet, because it is a large body that almost formed into a planet."After plying the seas of space for more than a billion miles, the Dawn team finally spotted its target," said Carol Raymond, Dawn's deputy principal investigator at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "This first image hints of detailed portraits to come from Dawn's upcoming visit."Vesta is 330 miles (530 km) in diameter and the second most massive object in the asteroid belt. Ground- and space-based telescopes obtained images of the bright orb for about two centuries, but with little surface detail.Mission managers expect Vesta's gravity to capture Dawn in orbit on July 16. To enter orbit, Dawn must match the asteroid's path around the sun, which requires very precise knowledge of the body's location and speed. By analyzing where Vesta appears relative to stars in framing camera images, navigators will pin down its location and enable engineers to refine the spacecraft's trajectory.Dawn will start collecting science data in early August at an altitude of approximately 1,700 miles (2,700 km) above the asteroid's surface. As the spacecraft gets closer, it will snap multi-angle images allowing scientists to produce topographic maps. Dawn will later orbit at approximately 120 miles (200 km) to perform other measurements and obtain closer shots of parts of the surface. Dawn will remain in orbit around Vesta for one year. After another long cruise phase, Dawn will arrive in 2015 at its second destination, Ceres, an even more massive body in the asteroid belt.Gathering information about these two icons of the asteroid belt will help scientists unlock the secrets of our solar system's early history. The mission will compare and contrast the two giant asteroids shaped by different forces. Dawn's science instruments will measure surface composition, topography and texture. Dawn also will measure the tug of gravity from Vesta and Ceres to learn more about their internal structures. The spacecraft's full odyssey will take it on a 3-billion-mile (5-billion-km) journey, which began with its launch in September 2007.

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