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The transformation of 7% of Scott's DNA suggests longer-term changes in genes related to at least five biological pathways and functions.The newest preliminary results from this unique study of Scott, now retired from NASA, were released at the 2018 Investigator's Workshop for NASA's Human Research Program in January. Last year, NASA published its first round of preliminary results at the 2017 Investigator's Workshop. Overall, the 2018 findings corroborated those from 2017, with some additions.To track physical changes caused by time in space, scientists measured Scott's metabolites (necessary for maintaining life), cytokines (secreted by immune system cells) and proteins (workhorses within each cell) before, during and after his mission. The researchers learned that spaceflight is associated with oxygen-deprivation stress, increased inflammation and dramatic nutrient shifts that affect gene expression.In particular, Chris Mason of Weill Cornell Medicine reported on the activation of Scott's "space genes" while confirming the results of his separate NASA study, published last year.To better understand the genetic dynamics of each twin, Mason and his team focused on chemical changes in RNA and DNA. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that each twin has more than expected unique mutations in his genome -- in fact, hundreds.Although 93% of Scott's genetic expression returned to normal once he returned to Earth, a subset of several hundred "space genes" remained disrupted. Some of these mutations, found only after spaceflight, are thought to be caused by the stresses of space travel.As genes turn on and off, change in the function of cells may occur. 1676

The Russian lawyer said Trump Jr.'s comments were in reference to the 2012 Magnitsky Act, a sweeping, bipartisan bill that blacklisted many prominent Russian individuals the US says are responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitky, a Russian lawyer who exposed corruption before his contested death in a Moscow prison. 318

The trial has been dogged by allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, with the trial judge finding that Navy prosecutors used tracking software to spy on the defense team's email accounts. 188

The proposal to extract 12 million tons of sand and gravel from a 479-acre site has not been approved, but Nita said Wednesday’s digging has her worried about Valley fever fungus that can be stirred into the air by anything that disrupts the soil, such as farming or construction. 280

The school’s name has been widely criticized, especially because it has the highest percentage of Black students in the state, The Charleston Gazette-Mail reports.Criticism recently mounted amid renewed calls for racial justice following the deaths of African Americans, like George Floyd in Minneapolis.The district is now conducting a survey to determine the school’s new name. The public is asked to provide their top two recommendations by 9 a.m. on July 13. 462

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