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BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhuanet) -- Researchers have discovered how a human egg captures an incoming sperm for fertilization, paving the way to help couples suffering from infertility, according to media reports on Monday.An international team of researchers found that a sugar chain known as the sialyl-lewis-x sequence (SLeX) makes the outer coat of the egg “sticky,” which has proven to be helpful in binding the egg and the sperm.As a result, this observation has filled in a huge gap in the understanding of fertility and provides hope for ultimately helping couples who currently cannot conceive.Scientists and doctors know that a sperm identifies an egg when proteins on the head of the sperm match and bind to a series of specific sugars in the egg’s outer coating. With a successful match of proteins, the outside surfaces of the sperm and egg then bind together before merging, which is then followed by delivery of sperm’s DNA into egg.To identify this molecules, the researchers used ultra-sensitive mass-spectrometric imaging technology to observe and identify which molecules are most likely to be key in the binding process.They experimented with a range of synthesised sugars in the laboratory and found that it is SLeX that specifically binds sperm to an egg.According to the World Health Organisation, infertility affects about 15 percent of reproductive-aged couples around the world and almost one in every seven couples in Britain has problems conceiving a child for various reasons.

UNITED NATIONS, June 9 (Xinhua) -- The message delivered by scores of speakers on the second day of the three-day UN High Level Meeting on AIDS on Thursday, marking 30 years of the pandemic, was that most of their countries were making progress but increased efforts had to be made with greater cooperation needed among nations.In the case of developing states, gratitude was expressed for past help but more aid was needed to continue the battle.Despite the similarities in content, the chair, UN General Assembly President Joseph Deiss, repeatedly appealed to speakers to limit their speeches to their allotted five minutes, warning at the halfway point that if everyone was taking an extra few minutes, a fourth day would have to be added to the agenda.One of the briefest addresses, well under time, was delivered by Yin Li, China's vice health minister, which he referred to as " a responsible developing country."Briefly listing some of the steps taken, the Chinese vice minister focused on achieving the UNAIDS goal of the three Zs -- " Zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths.""We should unite to generate a joint force, irrespective of gender, skin color, nationality, beliefs, values and ideology. Developed countries should further provide developing countries with unselfish, unconditional financial and technical support," he said. "Developing countries should place AIDS control in a position as important as economic development and actively explore prevention and treatment mode consistent with national conditions. ""Second, given the increasing disease burden of AIDS," he said, "the private sector and relevant organizations should shoulder more social responsibility."On the one hand efforts should be made to mobilize more resources in AIDS to better implement prevention, treatment and care measures; on the other hand, multinational drug manufacturers should reduce by a large margin the price of drugs, testing equipment and reagents through technology transfer, contract manufacturing and reduction of monopoly profits in order to promote universal access to treatment services," Yin added.Since AIDS prevention and treatment in China is an important component in the global fight against AIDS, he said, "Progress made in China is a positive contribution globally."The High Level Meeting on AIDS is taking place 10 years after the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS and five years since signing of the Political Declaration in which UN Member States committed to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.Norway's minister of the environment and international development, Erik Solheim, said, "Prevention and treatment must be mutually reinforcing and better treatment regiments need to be made available."He called for development of innovative methods for prevention.While Solheim said "remarkable" results had been achieved in the last three decades, there still was a need for a " transformation of current working methods."AIDS must be taken out of isolation into an "integrated approach," noting that HIV response has to be connected with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health and "HIV and AIDS programs should be mainstreamed into national health systems, he said.Solheim said that the social, political and economic empowerment of women is crucial and he welcomed the establishment of the new UN agency UN Women."The burden of HIV in the world is reduced but major challenges remain," the minister said. "Our experience is that the approaches that work well on HIV, are those based on rights and on promoting the dignity of people."Celsius Waterberg, the health minister of Suriname, said the nation "is among the few countries in the Caribbean where the incidence of HIV infection has decreased by more than 25 percent."The strides forward are due to a national multi-sectoral HIV Council, setting up structures to provide leadership in quality of services and training in revised treatment protocols, he said.Suriname, the smallest sovereign state in South America, on the northeast coast of the continent, also introduced combined prevention tools and implemented pilot projects successful in mobilizing men for circumcision as an additional preventive measure, Waterberg said.Challenges that need to be overcome include harmful traditions and customs, misconceptions and adverse beliefs, language barriers in a multilingual society and vulnerability of small communities and individuals due to HIV-related stigma, gender inequalities and poverty, he said.Victor Makwenge Kaput, health minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo, said that although the government had made progress in supporting individuals living with HIV and protecting the uninfected, it continues to face many challenges. Indeed, HIV prevalence stood at 3.7 percent for pregnant women and 3 percent for the general population, he said.AIDS' victims increasingly are women and youth with infections particularly concentrated along the Congo River, the minister said. Today, 1.2 million citizens are infected. Total population in the third largest country in Africa, about the size of Western Europe, is 71 million.He said women account for roughly 71,000 new infections each year and the government is now paying particular attention to mother-to-child transmission.Kaput said his long war-torn nation is committed to the global vision of zero infections and appealed for support to curb the spread of HIV.

XICHANG, Sichuan, Aug. 12 (Xinhua) -- China launched a communications satellite PAKSAT-1R for Pakistan at 0:15 a.m. Friday from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China's Sichuan Province.The satellite was carried by a Long March-3B carrier rocket, according to the launch center. It is China's first in-orbit delivery to Asian customers and also the first commercial satellite export to international users this year.According to statistics from the control center, the satellite successfully separated from its carrier rocket and entered geostationary transfer orbit as scheduled, 26 minutes after being launched.PAKSAT-1R will provide a range of services, including broadband Internet, telecom and broadcasting, covering some regions of Europe, South Asia, the Middle East, and the eastern Africa.The contract for the PAKSAT-1R was signed in 2008 between China Great Wall Industry Corporation and the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission of Pakistan.China and Pakistan share a long history of space technology cooperation. Pakistan's first low-orbit satellite, BADR-A, was launched by China in 1990 with Long March 2E rocket.

TAMPA, the United States, June 18 (Xinhua) -- The HIV/AIDS patients in the U.S. state of Florida are in dispute with state authorities over a proposal to impose tighter restrictions on those who qualify for drugs provided by the state's AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP).According to the proposed restrictions, individuals would have to earn less than 21,000 U.S. dollars annually to qualify for ADAP drugs. If approved by the Florida Department of Health (FDH), this would affect approximately 1,150 HIV/AIDS patients."The FDH is currently looking at the number of cost containment activities, including altering the financial eligibility for ADAP services," said FDH's press secretary Jessica Hammonds. "After soliciting public input on this matter, the department is in the final stages of evaluating the matter."The Florida ADAP program serves almost 9,500 clients, each of whom receiving 8,600 dollars in funding annually, Hammonds said. There are still another 3,482 on a waiting list.Four FDH sponsored public hearings were held in April and May on the proposal to reduce HIV/AIDS funding. Two were held in Miami, one in Tampa, and the other one was held in the state capital city of Tallahassee. Over 1,000 people attended the hearings.The issue has become so ubiquitous that it caught the attention of the Elton John AIDS Foundation (EJAF), created by the popular entertainer of the same name.

NAIROBI, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- The World Health Organization (WHO) on Thursday decried increased number of confirmed cholera cases in the Somalian capital Mogadishu, and growing reports of acute watery diarrhea in Kismayo and other crowded urban centers, saying an urgent multi-sector response to contain the spread of this highly contagious disease is being mounted.The UN health agency said has confirmed cholera in Banadir, Bay, Mudug and Lower Shabelle regions and the number of acute watery diarrhea cases has increased dramatically in the last few months.WHO Representative for Somalia Marthe Everard said combination of poor sanitation conditions, a shortage of safe water, overcrowding and high malnutrition rates, creates the perfect combination for infectious diseases, such as cholera and pneumonia, to spread and increase the number of deaths. "For the last few years, a network of health workers reporting to the early warning system is in place, however they report through a health facility or mobile clinic. Yet the large numbers of displaced people in Mogadishu are making it more difficult to record the various diseases," Everard said in a statement issued in Nairobi. "We urgently need more mobile clinics that will provide basic health care services to the many displaced and who will strengthen the reporting on new outbreaks. This is critical to our response and our ability to save lives."According to WHO, about seventy-five percent of all cases of acute watery diarrhea are children under the age of five.Since January this year, 4,272 cases of acute watery diarrhea/ cholera have been reported in Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu alone. However, at this stage most of the cholera cases in the various regions are contained and under control. "Our major concern is to monitor and detect new disease outbreaks in the many informal settlements set up by internally displaced people in and around Mogadishu", says Everard.Although cholera is endemic in the country, the last major cholera outbreak was in 2007 with an estimated 67,000 cases.WHO said recent efforts to cholrinate the water supply of Mogadishu, along with efforts to improve hygiene and sanitation have prevented a serious outbreak but with the large influx of some 100,000 people alone this year into Mogadishu, bringing the total number of IDPs in the capital to an estimated 470,000, many are living in overcrowded settlements, there is an acute shortage of safe water and adequate sanitation. "There is no need for a child to die of diarrhea, yet this is tragic reality for a Somali child, who is acutely malnourished. It is a lethal combination." said Rozanne Chorlton, UNICEF Representative for Somalia. "These types of diseases can be prevented and treated quickly, but to save children's lives we need to make sure safe water, sanitation and hygiene along with early access to primary health care, are an integral part of our emergency response."WHO said partners in the health and water and sanitation sectors are currently preparing for a potential 100,000 cholera cases including 80,000 moderate cases and 20,000 severe cases.Emergency diarrheal disease kits made up of medical supplies such as syringes, infusions, and oral rehydration fluids (ORS), already prepositioned by UNICEF and WHO have been sent to 13 hospitals.An additional 200 diarrheal disease kits, each able to treat 100 severe cases and 400 moderate cases are being procured and should be in Southern Somalia in the next few weeks, it said.In addition, WHO said, the case management of severe dehydration with and without malnutrition is being strengthened and focus is now on mobilizing a network of already trained community health promoters to move from door to door with health hygiene education messages. "Health posts will be stocked with essential medicines and ORS to identify and promptly treat patients. Many of Southern Somalia' s rural areas and urban centers rely on shallow wells, which unless protected or treated with chlorine can serve as the perfect breeding ground for water borne diseases," it said.To respond to this threat and prevent a major outbreak, the UN health agency said partners in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector are scaling up their actions to target 1.5 million people across high risk areas of the south.Supplies of chlorine and essential items for hygiene and household treatment and storage of water are being distributed.Already 217 water sources are being chlorinated and 58 water point outlets benefitting 483,200 residents and internally displaced people in Mogadishu.In addition, household hygiene supplies, including water purification tablets, soap and buckets, enough for 48,000 families, are being distributed at existing feeding centers for malnourished children.Campaigns to educate families about the treatment of drinking water, safe disposal of waste and encourage hand washing with soap will also be scaled up in high risk communities.As part of the updated 2011 UN Consolidated Appeal for Somalia, an estimated 80 million U.S. dollars is needed for the health sector and 78 million dollars is required for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector.So far, each sector has respectively raised 30 percent and 37 percent of the required money.