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The 2019 Nobel Prize for Medicine has been jointly awarded to William Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza for their pioneering research into how human cells respond to changing oxygen levels.Announcing the prize at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm on Monday, the Nobel committee said that the trio's discoveries have paved the way for "promising new strategies to fight anaemia, cancer and many other diseases."The 2019 medicine laureates, the committee added, have identified molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen.The importance of oxygen has long been established, the committee explained, but how cells adapt to changes in its levels remained unknown.Randall Johnson, prize committee member, described the trio's work as a "textbook discovery.""This is something basic biology students will be learning about when they study, at aged 12 or 13, or younger, biology and learn the fundamental ways cells work. This is a basic aspect of how a cell works and, from that standpoint alone, it's a very exciting thing."The winnersNew York-born Kaelin established his own research laboratory at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and became a full professor at Harvard Medical School in 2002.Semenza, also born in New York, became a full-time professor at Johns Hopkins University in 1999 and since 2003 has been the Director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.Ratcliffe, who was born in Lancashire, England, studied medicine at Cambridge University and established an independent research group at Oxford University, becoming a full professor in 1996. 1694

The Department of Homeland Security has suspended all flights between the U.S. and Venezuela.Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan determined that conditions in Venezuela threaten the safety and security of passengers, aircraft, and crew, requiring an immediate suspension of all commercial passenger and cargo flights between the United States and Venezuela. The Secretary of State has approved flight suspension and the Secretary of Transportation has implemented the determination.The move is based on ongoing political instability and increased tensions in the country, and associated inadvertent risk to flight operations, a press release said.According to DHS, if and when the conditions in Venezuela change, and if in the public interest, the Secretaries will revisit this determination. Until then, the flight suspension will remain in effect indefinitely. 892

The man who jumped out of a truck outside a President Trump campaign rally in Cincinnati last summer and punched an anti-Trump protester multiple times was found guilty of assault Thursday.The case against 30-year-old Dallas Frazier centered around video of him repeatedly punching 61-year-old Mike Alter in the head. The jury watched the video and took about an hour and a half to reach a verdict. 411

The Humane Society of the United States went undercover, investigating animal testing at one of the largest contract research organizations in the world. Officials found dozens of beagles and hounds that were force-fed fungicides to test a new pesticide product at a lab in Michigan.The undercover video is hard to watch. "In some cases, the animals are forced to ingest substances either by putting a gel capsule down their throats or with a tube,” Kathleen Conlee, vice president of Animal Research Issues at the Humane Society of the United States, can be heard saying in the undercover video. For some, it’s hard to fathom. However, Conlee says this kind of animal testing happens more often than we think. "There are about 60,000 dogs at about 350 facilities in the United States right now, and I think the public is very shocked to learn that it's at that scale,” Conlee says. And that's just dogs. Conlee explains when you factor in all animals, the number being used for testing is closer to 25 million per year. "That's warm-blooded animals that doesn't include fish, reptiles, amphibians," she explains. In this case out of Michigan, 36 beagles were being used to test pesticides for a company called Dow Chemical Company. It’s a practice that is not against the law. "The company is doing legal activities,” Conlee says. “Nothing illegal was happening." Often times, Conlee says federal agencies like the FDA and EPA request animal tests to approve products or provide funding for experiments. Most recently, the U.S.D.A. was under fire by a separate animal watchdog group for alleged "kitten cannibalism,” where they report experiments involving feeding kittens to dogs. These are practices Conlee says should stop."We're going to be calling on these agencies to change their practices,” she says. 1826

The 5-year-old boy who was thrown off a third-floor balcony at the Mall of America in Minnesota has been transferred from the intensive care unit to rehab, according to a post on his family-run GoFundMe account.The family says the boy, identified only as Landen, "has endured so much already."Landen suffered numerous broken bones, head trauma and severe bleeding, according to 390