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LOS ANGELES, July 3 (Xinhua) -- Warming of the ocean's subsurface layers will melt underwater portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets faster than previously thought, increasing the sea level more than already projected, a new study suggests.The subsurface ocean layers surrounding the polar ice sheets will warm substantially as global warming progresses, according to the study led by researchers from the University of Arizona (UA).In addition to being exposed to warming air, underwater portions of the polar ice sheets and glaciers will be bathed in warming seawater, said the study appearing on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Sunday.The research, based on 19 state-of-the-art climate models, proposes a new mechanism by which global warming will accelerate the melting of the great ice sheets during this century and the next."To my knowledge, this study is the first to quantify and compare future ocean warming around the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets using an ensemble of models," said lead author Jianjun Yin, a UA assistant professor of geosciences.According to the study, the subsurface ocean along the Greenland coast could increase as much as 3.6 F (2 C) by 2100.Most previous research has focused on how increases in atmospheric temperatures would affect the ice sheets, he said."Ocean warming is very important compared to atmospheric warming because water has a much larger heat capacity than air," Yin said. "If you put an ice cube in a warm room, it will melt in several hours. But if you put an ice cube in a cup of warm water, it will disappear in just minutes."Given a mid-level increase in greenhouse gases, the researchers found the ocean layer about 650 to 1,650 feet (200 to 500 meters) below the surface would warm, on average, about 1.8 F (1 C) by 2100. Along the Greenland coast, that layer would warm twice as much, but along Antarctica would warm less, only 0.9 F (0.5 C)."No one has noticed this discrepancy before -- that the subsurface oceans surrounding Greenland and Antarctica warm very differently," Yin said.Part of the warming in the North comes from the Gulf Stream carrying warm subtropical waters north. By contrast, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current blocks some of the subtropical warmth from entering the Antarctic's coastal waters.Even so, the Antarctic ice sheet will be bathed in warming waters, according to the study.This paper adds to the evidence that sea level would rise by the end of this century by around one meter and a good deal more in succeeding centuries, the study noted.The study, "Different Magnitudes of Projected Subsurface Ocean Warming Around Greenland and Antarctica," is scheduled for the upcoming edition of Nature Geoscience later this month.

PARIS, Aug. 19 (Xinhua) -- Marine scientists and representatives from the private sector and military establishments would meet at UNESCO at the end of this month to measure noise's impact on marine life, the Paris-based UN scientific branch UNESCO said Friday.The main agenda of the meeting, which is due from Aug. 30 to Sep. 1, was to discuss the program of the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE)."This decade-long project aims to fill the considerable knowledge gaps in this area, so that management of ocean noise can be more informed and effective," UNESCO said in a statement.The Quiet Ocean Experiments was initiated against the background that human activities on the high seas have increased significantly in recent decades, and resulted in impact upon many marine species relying mainly on sound to communicate.However, some sounds are suspected to alter the behavior of marine animals. For example, several whale species have raised the volume of the squeaks, clicks and moans by which they communicate with each other.The experiment is organized by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), of which UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) is a member.

BEIJING, June 10 (Xinhua) -- The nation's drug watchdog on Friday publicized a draft national standard of sulfur dioxide residue in Chinese herbal medicine, which is open for public opinion until Sept. 9 this year.The maximum amount of sulfur dioxide residue is 400 mg in one kg of each of 11 specified kinds of herbal medicine, such as Chinese yams, Gastrodia elata and Codonopsis pilosola, according to the draft standard unveiled by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA).The standard provides a 150-mg-per-kg limit for all other kinds of herbal medicine.Fumigation with sulfur is used as a way of drying some herbal medicine by growers, and currently have no alternative that is both cheap and convenient.The SFDA said it doesn't favor the drying herbal medicine through fumigation with sulfur and urges research efforts to invent new alternatives.According to the World Health Organization, the tolerable maximum amount of sulfur dioxide that a human body can take in one day is 0.7 mg per kg, which means that an adult of 60 kg should not take in more than 42 mg of sulfur dioxide a day.Long-term exposure to high amounts of sulfur dioxide can cause damage to human body, especially the respiratory system, according to experts. 

SINGAPORE, July 10 (Xinhua) -- The upcoming Natural History Museum in Singapore launched a drive on Sunday to raise 12 million Singapore dollars (9.8 million U.S. dollars) by the end of the month to buy three dinosaur fossils from a company in Wyoming, the United States.The three dinosaurs on offer from the company Dinosauria International, thought to be a family, were found between 2007 and last year in the United States, the Straits Times reported on Sunday.Appollo and Prince, the two adult diplodocid sauropods, is about 24 meters long, while the baby Twinky is about 12 meters.The natural history museum is expected to be completed by 2014. The three dinosaur fossils will cost 870 million Singapore dollars, and an additional 370 million Singapore dollars will be spent to set up the exhibition."They wanted the museum to tell the story of the history of life and evolution. Dinosaurs are the history of life," said Professor Peter Ng, director of the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, referring to the approval from the scientific advisory committee for the acquisition.The Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research of the National University of Singapore went on an intensive fund raising campaign last year to build the dedicated Natural History Museum.The museum said it has found the amount to be challenging. It is therefore appealing for help from the public through the media."The idea was always to have a central gallery and put something there that would make people go 'Whoa!,'" said Ng.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 17 (Xinhua) -- Latest research shows that the Moon could be younger than previous estimates. The findings were published online Wednesday in the Nature journal.The prevailing theory of the Moon's origin is that it was created by a giant impact between a large planet-like object and the proto-Earth. The energy of this impact was sufficiently high that the Moon formed from melted material that was ejected into space. As the Moon cooled, this magma solidified into different mineral components. Analysis of lunar rock samples thought to have been derived from the original magma has given scientists a new estimate of the Moon's age.According to this theory for lunar formation, a rock type called ferroan anorthosite, or FAN, is the oldest of the Moon's crustal rocks, but scientists have had difficulty dating FAN samples. The research team used newly refined techniques to determine the age of a sample of FAN from the lunar rock that was brought back to Earth by the Apollo 16 mission in 1972.The team analyzed the isotopes of the elements lead and neodymium to place the FAN sample's age at 4.36 billion years. This figure is significantly younger than earlier estimates of the Moon's age that range as old as the age of the solar system at 4. 568 billion years. The new, younger age obtained for the oldest lunar crust is similar to ages obtained for the oldest terrestrial minerals -- zircons from western Australia -- suggesting that the oldest crusts on both Earth and Moon formed at approximately the same time, and that this time dates from shortly after the giant impact.This study is the first in which a single sample of FAN yielded consistent ages from multiple isotope dating techniques. This result strongly suggests that these ages pinpoint the time at which the sample crystallized."The extraordinarily young age of this lunar sample either means that the Moon solidified significantly later than previous estimates, or that we need to change our entire understanding of the Moon's geochemical history," Carnegie Institute of Science's geochemist and study author Richard Carlson said.

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