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As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, researchers say it is important to track how the coronavirus mutates because it could affect the efficacy of a vaccine.Like all living cells, viruses evolve their chemical make-up changes. In viruses like the flu, that happens frequently, which is why every year there is a new vaccine to treat whatever strain is expected to circulate. With COVID-19, however, those mutations happen much slower, according to research out of Arizona State University.“One of the things we’re still keeping an eye on is the evolution of this virus because that virus is still around in the community,” said Dr. Efrem Lim, an assistant professor at ASU. “Everyone is coming in blind to this. This is a novel virus. This isn’t something we have seen before.”In March, Arizona State University played host to our country’s fourth COVID-19 case. As soon as it was detected, Dr. Lim started studying how the virus mutates and sent his findings to the World Health Organization. It's something that still continues to this day.“This virus, overall, mutates pretty slowly, which is a good thing,” said Dr. Lim. “However, we can have instances where the virus can have very large, dramatic, mutations, such as deletions in the genome.”While rare, Dr. Lim says those mutations can be significant as it changes how the virus acts inside the body.Currently, scientists are focusing much of their efforts on identifying ways to eliminate the function of the spike protein in COVID-19, as it is the way the virus binds to our cells and infects them (spike proteins are the stalks that protrude from the center of the virus that make it so recognizable).“It is very good news that the virus is not changing rapidly,” said ASU virologist Dr. Brenda Hogue. “We will have to see over time, as the virus continues to circulate, as we put a vaccine into play, whether or not there will be any issues.”Dr. Lim says right now there does not appear to be any issues because the virus mutates slowly, but he adds it could adapt to a vaccine once one begins to circulate.He says more testing needs to be done to determine that, however. 2140

As the economy slowly reopens, Americans are still filing for unemployment at record rates. For some, staying off the job makes more sense than returning to work.“I’m one of those teachers at high risk,” said Patty Candelaria, a teacher in Austin, Texas. “I’ve had open heart surgery three times. I’m concerned because we can’t predict the future.”She just completed her 20th year of teaching.“I’ve never felt so afraid to be face to face with students and worrying about what germs we’re all carrying,” she said.Candelaria has been teaching summer school from her virtual home classroom. She’s concerned to go back to school in the fall if she’s forced to be there in person.“Those classrooms are germ factories on the best day,” said Lily Eskelsen Garcia, President of the National Education Association. “No one wants those public schools open more than the people who love those kids and work in those schools. But we want them open safely.”“I feel like it’s our district’s responsibility to protect,” Candelaria said.She’s not alone. From rideshare drivers to teachers and flight attendants, workers are having to consider many factors before returning to work.“I think it’s quite scary to go back to work if your employer hasn't put the appropriate safeguards in place,” said Peter Ganong, an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of Chicago.Ganong has been studying the impact of unemployment insurance.“We found that it did quite well in the sense that it has replaced all of the lost income for people who have lost their jobs, and then some above and beyond that as well,” he said.Payouts are usually low to encourage people to apply for jobs, but the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security, or CARES, Act changed that.“What the federal government did is it said, ‘We’re going to add an extra 0 per week to everyone's UI benefits, and that was designed and intended to raise up everyone’s benefits precisely because there are no jobs available in many places,” Ganong explained.That’s exactly what happened to flight attendant Brittany Horn.“I am on unemployment,” Horn said. “A lot of our regular routes were cut and so there were just too many flight attendants and not enough flying.”“Most of the junior flight attendants probably are making more on unemployment,” she explained. “But it also depends on how many hours you work.”Across multiple industries, this has been a discussion. Unemployed workers are making more on unemployment than they did working their jobs. That brought fairness into question.“If you're a janitor and you work at the hospital, you're getting the same pay as before and you’re facing increased risk at your job,” Gangong said. “If you're a janitor and you're at a school, you're going to get paid 40 to 50% more on UI benefits than you were getting when you were working.”Ganong estimates about two thirds of unemployed workers have benefits that are greater than their prior wage. But that will soon change. As businesses start opening back up, that option won’t be available for many.“If your employer calls you back to work, even if your UI benefits are higher than your prior wage, you're required to go back to work or you'll lose your benefits,” Ganong said.Under the CARES Act, that higher level of benefits is set to expire July 31.Brittany’s three-month voluntary leave comes to an end in August.“If the flights don’t start picking up significantly, because right now with the CARES Act, we can’t get furloughed. But starting in October, that’s when technically we could. So, I think everyone’s keeping their hopes up that we are able to continue working come October,” Horn said.And Candelaria is awaiting a decision from the district on what going back to school looks like, before factoring in her health concerns.“None of us want it, so that’s why we’re staying safe at home and building classrooms in homes,” she said. 3910

At age 106, Sen. John McCain's Roberta McCain mother will be in attendance at the late senator's funeral this Saturday in Washington, D.C., and his burial service in Maryland, the Associated Press reported. Roberta McCain has outlived the son she called "Johnny," as the U.S. Senator from Arizona died on Saturday at the age of 81. Sen. McCain will be lain in state at the U.S. Capitol on Friday before his final services on Saturday. Roberta McCain, at age 96, was active on the campaign trail for her son during his presidential bid. She also made a number of appearances on television, including one controversial spot on MSNBC's Hardball, where she went after fellow GOP presidential hopeful Mitt Romney. Roberta McCain had an identical twin sister, Rowena Wright, who died at the age of 99 in 2011.  842

As novel coronavirus cases soar across the country, states are struggling to keep up with the demand for testing. Some states are reporting big backlogs and difficulty getting tests.“We need to actually continue doing a bunch of work in America to figure out additional approaches to do testing,” said Dr. Bob Kocher.Dr. Kocher is the former co-chair of California's Testing Task Force. The state formed the team back in March to figure out how to get everyone tested. Back then, they were struggling to do 2,000 tests a day. Now, they're doing more than 100,000 a day.“California, and most states, had giant shortages of the world’s most expensive Q-tips, called swabs, that you need to collect the samples and the people who make them couldn’t make more of them,” Dr. Kocher explained. “We worked with companies to 3-D print them and to source those from other places in the world and buy them and bring them to California.”They worked to find labs that could do high-capacity testing and expanded the number of testing sites. But as cases increased across the state and nation, five months into the pandemic, testing turnaround time is an issue.“It’s something I’m concerned about as demand for testing grows everywhere in the country and on the earth, the labs are going to sporadically have backlogs, and over time, they could have backlogs because it’s hard to make more supply of the test,” Dr. Kocher said.Dr. Kocher says it depends on where the test is sent. Some labs have backlogs and it’s a logistics issue. If the lab your test site is using is in another part of the country, it'll likely take longer to get results.In a statement, Quest Diagnostics said, "We are grappling with surging demand that is outpacing capacity. This is due to surging cases of COVID-19 across much of the United States, particularly the West, Southwest and South. We have a prioritization program to help direct testing to patients most in need. Our turnaround time for priority one patients is 1 day on average."In a recent press conference, California's Health and Human Services Agency Secretary Dr. Mark Ghaly said supply chain challenges forced the state to prioritize who gets tested first.“Surges across the nation have created challenges of getting tests processed, not just collected, and ensuring our guidelines not only say who needs to be tested but give guidance to labs on which specimens to process first,” Dr. Kocher said.Right now, priority means those who are hospitalized, healthcare workers, first responders, social service employees, those who are 65 and older and those with chronic medical conditions. But, we simply need more tests.“The challenge with COVID-19 is that each person infects two, three more people and that leads to exponential growth of people who are infected and exponential growth in demand for testing,” Dr. Kocher said. “The companies who manufacture tests have been extraordinary scaling up their capacity to manufacture tests they can grow them by 10, 30 maybe a 100 percent, but the demand for COVID testing is growing 1,000 percent.”The American Clinical Laboratory Association which represents Quest and other labs released a statement saying many labs are getting more test orders than they're able to process in a single day.In a statement, the company said, "We can’t do it alone. Laboratories, diagnostic manufacturers, ordering providers, public health officials, states and importantly, the federal government – including Congress and the Administration – all have a role to play in addressing the challenges hampering our nation’s response to this public health crisis."The test, Dr. Kocher says, only tells you if you're infectious at the time you were tested. It's yet another hurdle for states to tackle."So, we need to figure out what is the mechanism to test people at the right frequency to make us all safe and fell confident in going to work, school, nursing home or being an essential worker,” he said. “It’s really important.”Figuring out what that looks like means looking at new technologies, getting the government involved and working on our manufacturing sector so we have more tests and fewer logistical problems as we consistently try to keep up with the virus that seems to be one step ahead of us all. 4276

As New Haven, Connecticut, Fire Chief John Alston Jr. spoke to reporters about a spate of drug overdoses on Wednesday, he heard shouting coming from behind him."We're getting another call of a person," Alston said.He quickly helped coordinate the response, and then returned to the microphone.That scene came on the same day that as many as 40 people in the area of New Haven Green were believed to have overdosed on some form of K2 that may have been laced with opioids, according to New Haven police spokesman Officer David Hartman.New Haven Green is a large park and recreation area in the city's downtown.The patients included people of various ages and demographics, Alston said."It's a nationwide problem. Let's address it that way," he said. "It's a nationwide problem that people are self-medicating for several different reasons, and every agency -- police, fire, medical hospitals -- all are strained at this time. This is a problem that's not going away."New Haven police said one person is in custody.Director of Emergency Operations for New Haven Rick Fontana said the patients had symptoms of increased heart rates, decreased respiratory rates and a lot of vomiting. Some people were unconscious, others were semi-conscious.No one has died, but two individuals are considered to be in serious, life-threatening condition. Some individuals who were released from the hospital needed to be treated a second time for an additional apparent overdose, Fontana said.K2 is a synthetic cannabinoid related to marijuana that is frequently laced with other drugs, said Dr. Sandy Bogucki of the Yale School of Public Health.In two cases, Narcan was not effective in the field, but a high dose of Narcan at the hospital was effective in combating the overdose effects. Because of that, authorities believe there was some form of opioid or synthetic fentanyl involved in the substance.The response from emergency responders has been "tremendous," Fontana said.He said authorities have been treating and sometimes transporting six or seven people at one time and the actions of first responders have been "lifesaving." 2131

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