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LOS ANGELES, April 27 (Xinhua) -- Air pollution poses a threat to the health of about 154 million Americans -- or more than half of the U.S. population, the American Lung Association (ALA) said on Wednesday.The air is so polluted in some areas that it is often dangerous to breathe, the ALA said in its annual report on air quality across the United States.About 48 percent of U.S. residents live in counties where smog (ozone) is too high, 20 percent live in areas where there are too many short-term spikes in pollution and six percent live in areas with harmful year-round soot (particle pollution), said the report.About 17 million Americans live in areas afflicted by all three air pollution hazards, the report noted.The report listed California as the most polluted state, where people are breathing some of the worst air.Compared with other states, California has more polluted places, including Los Angeles, Long Beach, Riverside, Bakersfield and Fresno, the report said.Honolulu in Hawaii and Santa Fe-Espanola in New Mexico are the only two cities in the nation that had no days in which smog and soot levels reached unhealthy ranges, making them the cleanest cities in the nation, said the report.Research suggests air pollution threatens human health -- and not just the lungs.Small particles of pollution can lodge deep in the lungs, triggering an inflammatory process that, over time, can spread elsewhere in the body and damage blood vessels and the heart, according to Dr. Norman Edelman, the ALA's chief medical officer.On days in which smog levels spike, there's an increase in hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, heart attacks and stroke in the two or three days following it, said Michael Jerrett, a professor of environmental health sciences at University of California, Berkeley's School of Public Health.In addition to posing both long-term and short-term risks, pollution can also contribute to low birth weights, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke and, ultimately, shorter life spans, he warned.

BEIJING, May 11 (Xinhuanet) -- New retirees suddenly confronted with plenty of time on their hands might be happy to learn that reading keeps one mentally alert and abreast of current aff airs, says Ursula Lenz of Germany's working group of senior citizens' organizations, BAGSO.Growing old can present difficulties such as failing eyesight or problems concentrating, but experts encourage the elderly not to give up on reading and to adapt to their situation.From the perspective of health professionals, there are many advantages to reading books or newspapers for senior citizens.Reading helps the elderly keep a sharp mind. The ability to transform words into mental images is good for cognitive performance. Reading also improves vocabulary, language use and the ability to concentrate, according to Simone Helck from the Kuratorium Deutsche Altershilfe, an organization in Germany that helps promote and develop strategies for taking care of the elderly.So, what exactly happens in the brain when we read?"The brain builds new synapses, junctions between the neurons, when it's stimulated such as during reading," says Manfred Gogol, a physician and president of Germany's Society for Gerontology and Geriatrics.Gogol recommends reading books that deal with subjects that are of special interest to the reader. If a long novel seems like too much work, then try a novella or collection of short stories.But a prerequisite for reading is that any sight defect is corrected by an optician.In response to the needs of elderly people, publishers print books with large typefaces and bigger line spacing. Lenz says it is worthwhile asking for large print books in libraries and bookshops.But no matter what the reading matter is, another important aspect is being able to exchange opinions about a book with other people. Whether it's a society magazine, highbrow literature or a daily newspaper, there is always something to talk about.

BEIJING, Feb. 14 (Xinhuanet) -- The exchange rate against the US dollar is currently at an appropriate level but could fluctuate in the future, Yi Gang, vice-governor of the central bank and head of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, said on Sunday."In the future, as markets fluctuate and labor productivity changes, the rate will certainly show some fluctuation," he said at a seminar. Last Thursday, the yuan's central parity rate rose to a record high of 6.5849 against the US dollar, after rising for three consecutive trading days, before declining to 6.5952 on Friday.The yuan has appreciated about 3.6 percent against the dollar since mid-June. A report from the US Treasury said earlier that on an inflation-adjusted basis, the appreciation was even higher, at an annual rate of more than 10 percent.US Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said last Wednesday that China's recent measures to control inflation by raising interest rates is "surprising" and urged Beijing to let its currency rise in value.Currently the exchange rate is still underestimated by no more than 10 percent, said Lu Mai, secretary-general of the China Development Research Foundation (CDRF).The resilience of exporters to the rising yuan is stronger than previously estimated, which helps to pave the way for more currency reform to liberalize the yuan, he said.In 2007 and 2008, the Chinese currency rose by 7 percent annually against the US dollar, but China's GDP only declined by 0.28 percentage points, with inflation down by 0.42 points and workers' wages up by 0.07 points, according to CDRF research."The figures showed that progressive currency reform since July 2005 was successful, and the government should accelerate the reform and further free the yuan in the next five years to promote healthy, long-term economic development," Lu said.China should keep the proportion of its trade surplus to GDP within 5 percent, and avoid further increasing its huge foreign exchange reserves to allow the currency to settle at a balanced level, he said.China's foreign reserves rose to a record .85 trillion at the end of last year, an 18.7 percent increase year-on-year, according to statistics from the People's Bank of China, the central bank.Yi said he took note of the CDRF findings, but emphasized that further moves depended on both the domestic and international economic situation and appropriate timing.Lu Feng, an economist at Peking University, said now is the right time to deepen currency reform and let the yuan trade at a higher price as inflation is rising.Analysts have predicted that the yuan will appreciate this year as inflation may see the government opt for a rising yuan to lower the cost of purchasing international commodities.Lian Ping, chief economist at the Bank of Communications, predicted the yuan would rise by 5 to 7 percent in 2011.

JOHANNESBURG, March 23 (Xinhua) -- Cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women in South Africa.Recent information from a World Health Organization (WHO) and ICO Information Center on Human Papilloma virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer 2010 report shows that 16.84 million South African women aged 15 years and older are at risk of developing cervical cancer.Current estimates indicate that every year 5,743 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and more than 3,000 die from the disease.About 21 percent of women in the general South African population are estimated to harbor cervical HPV infection at any given time, and 62.8 percent of invasive cervical cancers are attributed to HPV subtypes 16 or 18."Concern is growing as there appears to be an increasing epidemic of papillomavirus-induced disease involving not only the cervix but elsewhere in the female genital tract and anogenital region," said Professor Martin Hale, head of the Department of Anatomical Pathology at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg and the National Health Laboratory Service.The South African population and people from Africa in general have high incidences of the HPV subtypes 16 or 18 according to Professor Hale. He is not entirely sure why but is of the opinion that the infection rate can be lowered."The common theory is that HPV is transmitted through sexual intercourse. If treated like a sexual disease and the necessary precautions are taken during sex the infection rate can be lowered, " Hale told Xinhua in an interview on Wednesday.HPV is also exacerbated as a result of the HIV pandemic and cause a rapid progression of premalignant dysplasia to invasive cancer in HIV positive patients.Hale believes the limited access to information and resources make it easy for the condition to thrive.However, according to Hale, a debate is still raging on how, to whom and whether the vaccine should be administered.Black women are at higher risk of contracting HPV and subsequent cervical cancer. Other risk factors that increase susceptibility include age of first intercourse, the number of children per woman, and a weakened immune system, to name a few."To avoid getting cervical cancer get the vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 infection before starting to be sexually active, have protected sex and go for regular screenings," he told Xinhua.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) -- Officials from China and the United States on Thursday signed a new agreement to support panda breeding, research and conservation efforts by the two countries, an exciting news for numerous American fans of the cute animals.Zang Chunlin, Secretary General of the China Wildlife Conservation Association, and Dennis Kelly, Director of the U.S. Smithsonian's National Zoo, signed the Giant Panda Cooperative Research and Breeding Agreement.Under the agreement, a pair of giant pandas, Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, will remain at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. for five more years.Also in attendance at the signing ceremony at the National Zoo was Chen Naiqing, wife of China's Ambassador to the U.S. Zhang Yesui, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and Mary Kaye Huntsman, wife of U.S. Ambassador to China Jon Huntsman.On behalf of the Chinese embassy and Ambassador Zhang, Chen expressed appreciation to the National Zoo for taking care of these giant pandas and to all American people for their love for them."Although the weather is cold today, the friendship between our people keeps us warm," she said. "I am confident that through joint efforts, our cooperation will grow, our friendship will deepen, and the future will be even brighter."The first two years of the new agreement, effective immediately through Dec. 5, 2015, include a cooperative study involving reproductive experts from the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda in Wolong and the Smithsonian's Conservation Biology Institute to oversee the breeding of Mei Xiang and Tian Tian."I am proud that this agreement not only ensures that visitors to the zoo will continue to be able to visit and learn about these beautiful animals, but also provides a strong platform for improving the conservation of wild pandas and their habitat in China," said Salazar.He said those giant pandas have "long symbolized the close partnership the United States has with China as we work together to conserve and recover one of the world's most endangered species in the wild."Mei Xiang and Tian Tian have lived at the Smithsonian's National Zoo since Dec. 6, 2000. Both pandas were born in Wolong, China and had parents that were wild born. Mei Xiang, which means "beautiful fragrance," will turn 13 on July 22 and Tian Tian, meaning "more and more," will turn 14 on Aug. 27.The current pair has not produced a cub since 2005, when Tai Shan, a male, was born. Tai Shan went back to China in February, 2010.

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